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Etbniro of the Museum
OF
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
The gift of Due. (£&Mal Jm^LJLuLiJZ.
No. 4/rf
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BULLETIN
ESSEX INSTITUTE,
VOLUME XXIII.
1891.
SALEM, MASS.: PRINTED BY THE SALEM PRESS PUBLISHING AND PRINTING CO., "1891.
CONTENTS,
\n v iii to a Collector of the Coelenterata and Bohlnodarmati of n> Rngland, '»v .1 Walter Fewkes,
Annual Me. "tin:; \la\ |g 1881,
Election of ufHoera, 94 ; report of iii>' seoretary, 88 re port of the librarian, 88; treasurer's report, 109 ; iiuditor's report, ii>;. lei'iures, 104 1 uaorolojfy <>r members, llOi library, 191 ; cabinets, 19 1
\n Uudesorlbed i arvs from Mammoth Cave bj H. Qarman, i>n .i fortolse found In Fhnldn and Cuba, CfHMltrawwi Baurti, by
S. (iannan, ......
Qttologtonl iind Mm ralouloal Notes, No 8, bj John H Bears, Geological and Mlnersloiflcal Notes, No i. b) .i>>im II Bears,
L86
i i • 1 1 ■ 156
B ULLET1N
ESSEZ INSTITUTE.
Vol. 23. Salem: Jan., Feb., Mar., 1891. Nos. 1, 2, 3.
AN AID TO A COLLECTOR OF
THE CCELENTERATA AND ECHINODERMATA
OF NEW ENGLAND.
BY J. WALTKR FEWKES.
I. Introduction.
II. Kinds of Collecting.
A. Shore Collecting.
B. Dredging.
C. Collecting- of "Surface" animals.
a. Freeing the Net of its Collection.
b. Collecting Surface Animals by Observation on the
Water.
c. Places for Collecting Surface Animals.
III. Ccelenterata. Ilydrozoa.
Hydroida.
1. Free-swimming Larva;.
2. Attached Young.
a. Athecata.
b. Thecapliora. Trachymedusae. Siphonophora. Acraspeda.
Free-swimming Larva?.
KSSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII. 1 d)
2 CXELENTERATA AND
Ctenophora.
Free-swimming Larva?. Actinozoa.
Actinoida.
Alcyonoida.
IV. Echinodermata.
Asteroidea. Opliiuroidea. Echinoidea. Holothurioidea.
V. General Directions.
I. INTRODUCTION.
It is very difficult for one wishing to study the develop- ment or anatomy of any marine animal to know when and where to find the eggs, young and adult. It is also not easy to recognize the young of certain members of our marine fauna, when they are found. It is also difficult to identify the adult.
The following pages are intended to serve as a help in the identification of the adults and young of the more common Ccelenterata and Echinodermata of the waters of New England. They are written for those1 who wish some means by which to learn the names and the general exter- nal characters of the common forms of life, which have their homes on our coasts. The author follows with admira- tion the plan adopted by Philip Gosse in a too little known Manual of Marine Zoology, which without claim for orig- inality he has simply modified to meet the necessities of the present case. The lament which Gosse makes that the information necessary to identify the common animals of Great Britain is scattered through monographs, many of
'This bey to the identification of New England Ccelenterata ami Echinodermata ■was prepared for the members of the Teachers' School of Science who attended my course of lectures in the winter of 1890. It is intended to be used as an introduc- tion to a study of their notes on some of those led ures.
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 3
which arc iii a foreign tongue, may with still greater em- phasis be repeated by us in New England, especially as fai- ns the young of our murine animals are concerned. These chapters arc written as introductions to larger works and more exhaustive monographs.
These pages may be of use to those who, while not be- ginners, have yet made such progress in the study of our marine animals as to wish some guide in the determina- tion of a few of the different specific forms of lower marine life which he meets. It is not a monograph nor an origi- nal contribution to the subject. It is an aid to the col- lector, and is intended to meet certain difficulties which even the professional naturalist encounters in the identi- fication of animals.
II. KINDS OF COLLECTING. It is well for the student of our Ccelenterata and Echino- dermata to be familiar with methods of collecting in three different regions.
A. Shore Collecting, or collecting of animals from the littoral zone.
B. Dredging, or collecting from depths below low tides.
C. Surface Collecting, or collecting from the surface of the water.
A. Shore Collecting. In order to study the marine larvae of jelly fishes and starfishes, it is often necessary to raise them from the egg. The capture of adults with ova is therefore a de- sideratum. The apparatus employed in shore collecting is very simple. A jar or pail for specimens, a shovel or trowel and a hand net are all that is required. The time for collecting is generally at low-tide, and as more animals are washed up after rough weather, the last days of a storm give the best results.
CCELEXTERATA AND
On the line between high and low tide many genera of Echinoderms are found thrown upon the beach. Several Holofburians are found by digging in the flats.
The hydroids of jellyfishes and many of the Actinozoa occur in sheltered pools or caves just below low tide, and can easily be captured with a hand-net by a little wading. I have found the roots of our large Laininaria, or "Devil's Apron String,'" when placed in pure water and allowed to stand for a length of time, to give up a rich collection of young starfishes, some young Ilolothuiians and many Ophiurans. Hydroids are abundant on certain seaweeds washed on the shore alter a storm. It is well to transfer to our aquarium any object which when thrown on the beach has apparently been recently torn from the bottom or has the appearance of having been floating for a con- siderable time. These objects almost invariably will be found to be the home of a rich ccelenterate life.
B. Dredging.
The use of the dredge for the capture of the adults with ova cannot be neglected. The great majority of the adults and some of the young are taken in this way.
For dredging down to fifty fathoms, which is the limit
DREDGE Foil CJSE IN (SHALLOW WATER.
of the animals treated of in this volume, a very simple dredge can be constructed by any blacksmith, and with a rope suitable for that purpose, will cost only a lew dollars. The dredge which I have used consists of a rectangular
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. D
frame made of iron of about twice the length of the height. The longer sides are made of flat bars which are more or less flaring. The rope is attached to two iron anus which move readily on their attachment to the frame and which have eyebolts at their free ends. The rope is firmly at- tached to one of these ; the attachment to the other is by means of a smaller cord which will break when the dredge is CHUffht, and allow the obstruction to be avoided by a change in the direction of the dredge. A weight is fas- tened to the dredging rope about five feet or a fathom from its junction with the dredge, to insure success in the dredge being dragged along horizontally. The length of the rope used must he somewhat longer than the depth of the sound- ing, and may be determined by the various conditions, as depth of the water, or time of the tides. The simple drifting of the large sail boat is force enough to work with a small dredge.
The net of the dredge is fastened to the iron frame, and is protected by a coarse canvas bag which prevents the meshes from being torn. The time the dredge may be left out must be determined by experience.
The most convenient place1 for shore collecting is at .Re- vere Beach and Nahant. The piles of Beverly Budge fur- nish many Actinoids and Hydroids.
The dredging off Nahant is among the best in New Eng- land. Off" Race Point, Provincetown, a rich harvest may be expected. The channel between Castle Hill and Co- nanicut Island is rich in certain genera, especially Arbacise and Eehinarachnii. Dredging off Baker's Island is good.
The ledges in the middle of Plum Island river off Great Neck, Ipswich, and the adjoining deep water are good places for Asteroids and Echinoids.
Grand Ma nan is one of the best collecting places for lit—
1 This is written for teachers Living near Boston.
6 CCELENTERATA AND
tor:il and shallow water animals on our coast. The "rip- plings" furnish one of the best places for surface genera. At Eastport the channel between the Old Friar and Treat's Island is the richest known to me. The surface fishing there is good. Newport affords an abundant surface fauna which is characteristically southern in its facies.
Surface fishing, as distinguished from shore collecting and dredging, pertains to those animals which habitually swim at or very near the surface of the sea.
The fauna of the ocean surface is known as the pelagic fauna, from the Greek word, iziXayoq, meaning the sea. Since, however, the word pelagic from its derivation means the sea as a whole without special reference to the surface, the adjective sequorial, from "gequor" the surface, would more accurately designate the character of the fauna with which a part of our subject deals.
The methods of surface fishing are easily acquired and require no complicated outfit. A simple hand or drag- net made of muslin or bolting cloth for collecting ; a water bucket or jar for the reception of specimens captured ; and a boat to seek out the tide eddies where the animals which we are to study are most common, are all that is necessary. This method of fishing needs but a few general hints for successful prosecution.
The best collecting ground must be learned from expe- rience. Tide eddies, edges of currents, sheltered nooks and small bays into which the floating life is accidentally lodged or driven by the wind and tides, are most prolific in the abundance of surface life. Wherever the tidal cur- rents collect flotsam of any kind, there, if not too far from the open ocean, one can look with promise of success for wealth of tequorial life. The same causes which bring in- animate objects into these places will lead to accumula- tion of filiating forms of life in the same localities.
The time for profitable collecting is influenced by the
ECHINODEIiMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 7
tides, the winds and some unknown conditions. Other things being equal, at the mouth of a bay as at Newport the lull tide is best for oceanic larvae, or it' one is situated near a small bay where floating material is caught during an ebbing tide, about an hour after the tide begins to fall will generally yield the best results. The first hour of the flood iscommonly the poorest time for surface collcetingand the last of the ebb generally gives us the larvae of the litto- ral fauna rather than the oceanic. The best condition of the sea in which to collect surface animals, adult as well as larva1, is during a calm. When this happens in Narragau- sett Bay at high tide, after a strong south, or southeasterly wind we may, if ever, expect to find a most abundant and varied life captured in our nets. Smooth places on the surface called "slicks" afford good collecting. Night-time during that calm state of the water which commonly takes place between eight and nine o'clock, is one of the best hours for successful surface fishing. The amount of "phos- phorescence" in the water is an indicator of the abundance of surface life. The character of the animal life which causes the glow can be in a measure made out by the color of the emitted light.
As most of the larva which are treated of in these chap- ters are very minute, almost invisible when swimming in the sea, it is often necessary in collecting to drag the net about apparently at random, "skimming" as it is called the surface of the water, and then lightly washing off into the water of the collecting jars the small animals which al- though not seen have been caught on the meshes. An examination of the capture for identification must be made in a more favorable time and place than at night in the boat. The water into which the animals have been washed from the drag-net is commonly placed in glass dishes over a black background (tile preferred) and allowed to be-
8 CCELENTERATA AND
come quiet. It is well also to place the dish in such a way that direct light shines on one side in order to look through it from the other. The black ground and the light passing through the water make it possible to detect more easily sm al swimming larvae. Commonly also, when the water in the dish is quiet, the minute embryos and larvse come to the surface and can be seen and easily picked out with a pipette, from which they are transferred to a "live box," or watch crystal for study.
The present work goes no farther than the identifica- tion of the larvse. Their method of treatment as objects of embryological research with reagents and with the mi- croscope belongs to another chapter of marine zoology. Those who seek in these pages a fauna! catalogue will find many omissions.. I have tried to write an introduc- tion to the fascinating study of the adult and larval stages of the lower animals which are found in our bays.
C. Collecting Surface Animals, (with tow or dip-net.)
The animals which constitute the surface fauna are ob- tained by what is called a towing-net. The towing-net is a bag made of stron<>- linen or bunting and is dragged
TOW-NKT FOlt ^EQUORIAL ORGANISMS.
through the water after the boat. The mouth of the net is kept open by a metallic ring to which the mouth of the net is fastened. The net should be about a toot deep, and
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. V
the diameter of the ring of wire possibly twenty inches. The wire should be large enough not to be bent under a considerable strain.
Three pieces of lino about the size of cod-line and about two feet long arc fastened at equal intervals in the ring. These are all joined at one end and attached to the tow- ing-line. Enough of the towing-line should be let out to cause the net to work just below the surface. The length of the towing-line must be learned from experience.
The towing apparatus, thus rigged, is used in the fol- lowing way : After the net is thrown over the stern of the boat, a moderate headway is given to the boat. The length of time the net must be dragged is regulated by the abundance of surface life. Care .should be taken that the headway of the boat is not lost, as in such a case the ani- mals are washed out of the net. To obtain life from zones below the surface the net can be weighted by a weight de- termined by the length of the tow-rope, the velocity of the boat and other circumstances. Care should be taken, if the direction of headway is changed, that the net is always kept distended in its original direction. When there is a coastward current under a bridge, the towing-line may be fastened to the bridge and the force of the current utilized to distend the, net.
a. Freeing the net of its collections. The net is hauled on board and the contents simply washed into a pail of pure water by turning the net wrong- side out. An ordinary water bucket is a good collecting vessel. For detection of the specimens the best plan is to use glass vessels over a black ground. Mr. A. Agassiz uses flat glass pans over a table of black tiles. Allman recom- mends a white glazed earthenware pan such as is used in dairies for holding milk. If the bowl is placed in a deep
E33EJC IX ST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 1*
10 CCELENTERATA AND
glass jar or finger bowl so that the light passes through it, small animals can be detected through the sides. Most of the small animals seek that side of the vessel on the surface turned to the light and one can easily find them there. Small glass finger-bowls in which larvae can be raised, can be examined by holding them between the light and the eye. The animals may be picked out by pipettes or tubes. The water in which the animals are first placed, if crowded with life, soon becomes vitiated. When few animals are found they can be left in the pan in the same water in which they were captured. It is a good plan to add in such cases some pure water, and keep in the pan small genera of bright green algre.
b. Collecting surface animals by observation in the water.
Although the dip and the drag-net yield the best re- sults, it is often necessary to see the animals in their na- tive habitat, in order to pick out what is wanted. The surface is often so crowded with Salpse, for instance, that the net gets clogged with them, and a person in search of anything else cannot use the net to advantage.
If the sea is very smooth, very small animals can be de- tected by the eye from the boat. I have used a water-glass with advantage. The fishermen in Villa Franca, southern France, carry a bottle of oil in the boat and use oil to quiet the surface. A blackened plate of tin, lowered in the water, renders it possible to detect very small animals in the water above it. When once deteeted, it is not dif- ficult to capture the animal with glass dishes or hand nets.
c. Places for collecting surface animals. The best localities must be learned from observation. Tide eddies are favorable points, and the water in the vi- cinity of floating masses of seaweed is sometimes crowded
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 11
with life. The time of day seems not to matter but the tide is a ureal factor. At low tide we expect littoral, at high tide pelagic animals. At night conditions are favorable at about half-past eight when the sea appears calm. Calm weather is a desideratum, and a glassy calm is a very favorable op- portunity.
In night-fishing an incandescent electric light may be hung at the mouth of the net to attract animals. The color of the phosphorescence corresponding to different animals must be learned by experience.
III. CGELENTERATA.
The animals of this group have a great variety of ex- ternal outlines, but several common anatomical likenesses. In their simplest form the bodies consist of a simple gelat- inous bag, fixed to the ground or free-swimming. There is an opening called the mouth at one pole, while the whole cavity of the sac serves as a stomach or is in free commu- nication with the exterior medium through the mouth-open- ing. In most of these animals the body cavity is continu- ous with the stomach. In many there is no body cavity except the stomach, a characteristic which has given the name of Ccelenterata to the group.
Rising higher than the simple sac, whose walls serve as the linings of a stomach and whose opening is a mouth, we pass to those where thread-like organs called tentacles, which serve to capture food, are placed in a ring about the mouth, and higher still to those where portions of the body walls are inflated into a bell-like structure for locomotion. Here we find added also sense capsules and complicated sucker-like oral appendages, the modifications in which will be more minutely described in considering the differ- ent genera. These organs generally take a radial arrange-
12 CCELENTERATA AND
ment about the polar mouth opening. It was that radial symmetry which Cuvier first recognized and which led him to unite these animals with others in the group of Ea- diata.
The Ccelenterata include the Medusae and Actiniae. While these animals have much in common in their anatomical structure, their external resemblances are oftentimes very distant. Compare, for instance, the filmy, gelatinous body of the jellyfish and the hard, stony coral as we see it in our museums. Yet the calcareous and other hard secretions of the body of the coral once removed, the soft parts which remain betray anatomical peculiarities of the stomach and body cavity already mentioned, and therefore close resemblances to jelly-fishes.
The Ccelenterata are divided into the Hydrozoa, Cteno- phora and the Actinozoa. The two former groups, known as the jelly-fishes, are well represented by their larva? in the surface waters of New England, while only a few forms of the latter occur, or come within the scope of this ac- count. While the larvae of some Actinozoa inhabit the surface waters, there are few genera in Narragansett Bay as compared with the other groups.
Class I. Hydrozoa and Ctenophora. {Jelly-fishes.') These animals have hyaline, gelatinous bodies ; live soli- tary or united in colonies; bodies bell-shaped, tubular, mushroom-like, cup-shaped, or resembling a floating bag or disk. When bell-shaped, a fleshy protuberance of folded membrane hangs down from the under side and serves as the stomach. The centre of the body is occu- pied by a cavity out of which slender tubes or vessels ra- diate to the bell-margin. These vessels may be united by a circular tube about the periphery or may end blindly
ECIIINODEHMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 13
near the rim. They sometimes pass directly from centre to rim, at other times subdivide, bifurcate and coalesce. Different tubes in the same bell may have a straight or a tortuous, or a marginal course. The movement of a nutri- tive fluid in the tubes can be seen through the bell-walls. Bell-cavity present or wanting. When present, it is some- times partly closed at its entrance by a washer-like body called the velum.
The bell margin of the Hydrozoa is either entirely cre- mated, slightly notched or scalloped. Small, transparent cells, the sense capsules, otocysts, with enclosed calcareous grains called otoliths, are commonly present. The number and structure of these organs vary in different genera. In the Hydrozoa, when present they are placed around the bell margin and their number is from. four to sixteen; in the Ctenophora there is, in the adult, a single polar sense capsule. The sense-capsules of the former group are par- tially covered on the upper side by a small, gelatinous lap- pet which is called the " hood." Jelly fishes which have a hood are called the " hooded-eyed" ; those without, the "naked-eyed" Medusas.
Small, thread-like bodies, called tentacles, varying in number and size, hang down singly or in clusters from the under side of the body at or near the bell-margin. In those genera (Ctenophora) which have a single polar sense capsule opposite the mouth, there are either two long ten- tacles with side branches with numerous smaller body til- aments, or these structures may be wholly wanting.
These animals are generally small, transparent, phos- phorescent in darkness when the water is agitated. Many are highly colored. Water forms the great mass of the body substance. Their larval forms are among the most abundant animals found on the surface of the ocean. The Hydrozoa are classified as follows :
Order I. Hydroida. Bell-shaped bodies, without flap
14 CXELENTERATA AND
(hood) over the sense capsules and with or without mar- ginal sense bodies ; with hell-cavity, the entrance into which is partially closed by a velum.
Order II. Track ymed usee. Bell-shaped, often disk- like bodies. Four or eight sense capsules with or without hood. Bell-cavity with velum.
Order III. Siphonophora. Tubular or bag-like bod- ies. Many individuals of different shape and function united in a colony. With or without bell-shape and ge- latinous appendages. When present, these resemble those of Hydroida.
Order IV. Acraspeda. Disk-shaped bodies with four, eight or sixteen marginal sense-capsules. No bell-cavity. No velum.
Order V. CtenopJiora. Single polar sense-capsule with- out hood. Locomotion by means of eight meridional rows of vibratile flappers on outside of body.
Order I. Hydroida {free) .
A. Without sense capsules ; sexual organs never free from the base of the proboscis. I. Tubes four, unbranched.
No tentacles Pennaria.
One tentacle Hybocodon.
Two tentacles Stomatoca.
DinemateHa. Four tentacles Sarsia.
Dipurena.
Eetopleura.
Zanclea. More than four single tentacles. Turns.
Dysmorphosa.
Staurophora.
Calicopsis.
Modeeria.
ECIIINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 15
Four clusters of tentacles . . Nemopsis. Eight clusters of tentacles . . . Lizzia.
II. Tubes four, branched .... Willia.
III. Tubes eight, unbranched . . Melicertum.
Mal)ella. B. With sense capsules ; sexual organs suspended from radial tubes.
I. Tubes four, unbranched.
a. Stomach without peduncle.
Tentacles numerous, without smaller basal " spurs."
Obelia.
Oceania.
Clytia. Tentacles numerous, with basal "spurs."
Eucheilota.
b. Stomach with peduncle.
Tima. Eutima.
II. Tubes numerous.
Zygodactyla.
A. I.
Pennaria. Bell ovate ; tubes four, broad. Tentacles slight projections of the bell-margin at the junction of the radial and circular tubes.
P. gibbosa.1 Hybocodon. Bell globose, asymmetrical. Tubes four, slender. Single tentacle generally with a cluster of bud- ding Medusae at its base.
II prolifer.
Authorities for specific names are given in the index at the end of the paper.
16
CCELEXTERATA AND
Stomaioca. Bell oval, with tall, conical, apical projec- tion. Tuhcs four, broad, often with jagged edges. Tenta-
BTOMATOCA. ,
FOUNG DIMM v IKI.I.A. YOUNG LIZZIA.
niNKMATILlA. YOUNG Ti: MA.
CAUCOPSI8.
cles two, opposite, long, very flexible. Their bases have a claret-red color. Proboscis trumpet-shaped, swollen near
ECHIXODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND.
17
the bell. Lips flange-like, extending barely outside the bell-opening.
8. apicata. Dlnematella. Bell ovate, with tall, conical, apical pro- jection in which is found a cavity shaped like the frus- trum of a cone, and which is in free communication with
that of the proboscis. Tubes four, with jagged edges, broad. Tentacles two, opposite, long, flexible. On the bell-rim between the long tentacles are situated small ten- tacular processes with pigment spots. Proboscis large, swollen at base, light-cream color.
D. cavosa.
ESSEX IXST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 2
18 CCELENTERATA AND
tSarsia.1 Bell oval. Tubes four. Tentacles marginal, four, long, flexible, each with a single bright red pigment spot on under side of base at the extremities of the ves- sels. Proboscis very long, highly contractile ; when ex- panded the extremity reaches far outside the entrance into the bell-cavity. Lips simple, ovaries inconspicuous.
S. mirabilis.
Dipurena. Bell half egg-shaped. Tubes slender, four. Four stiff, short tentacles with an enlarged club-shaped distal extremity. Eye-spot at the basal end. Proboscis very long, with large swellings crowded with ova in fe- male. Lips simple.
D. strangulala.
DI PUH EX A.
Ectopleura. Bell ovate with a slight apical projection. Tubes four. Eight rows of lasso-cells arranged on the outer wall of the bell in pairs, each pair arising from the base of a tentacle and extending to the apex of the bell. Tentacles four, generally coiled about their origin at the bell rim. Each tentacle in adult with clusters of lasso-cells at intervals in its length. Proboscis two-thirds the height of the hell cavity. Lips simple.
E. ochracea.
'Closely related to this is the free form of Hyclrichthys which is attached to wall ol' fish Seriola sonata.
ECIIINODKU.MATA OF NKW KNGLANI).
19
Zanclea. Bell oval, with slight apical prominence. Tubes four. Tentacles lour, each with lateral branches formed of a small pedunculated cluster of cells. Proboscis extends to opening into the bell-cavity. Bell walls with cluster of lasso-cells above the origin of the tentacles from the margin.
Z. gemmosa.
YOUNG TUIiRIS. TUKRIS.
OTOCYST OF EUTIMA. EUTIMA.
Turris. Bell mitre-shaped, with apical prominence. Tubes four. Tentacles numerous and of two kinds. The
20 CCELENTEEATA AND
longer bear eye-spots at their very origin from the bell- margin ; the latter from a point a little above the rim. Proboscis large, swollen at the base. Month trumpet- shaped. Lips complicated.
T. episcopalis.
Dysmorphosa. Bell ovate with slight apical promi- nence. Tubes four. Tentacles numerous. Proboscis of medium size, with four spherical ovaries at base. Lips have a " frosted appearance " on account of the clusters of lasso-cells.
D. fulgurans.
This genus is said to occur in New England. See A. Agassiz, "Sea Side Studies." I have never collected it.
tStaurophora. Bell disk-shaped, cream colored, with flex- ible walls. Tubes, four. Tentacle numerous, so crowded together that their bases at the union with the bell margin touch each other. Tentacles short, flexible, with single eye-spot at union with bell-rim. In addition to tentacles, small club-shaped bodies likewise arise from bell rim. Ovaries depend in part from the tubes in that half nearest the proboscis and from the proboscis.
S. laciniata.
Calicopsis. Bell ovate or globose. Tubes, four. Numer- ous short tentacles. -Four ovaries at base of proboscis. Lips with four clusters of lasso-cells which impart a "frosted appearance" to them.
C. typa.
Modeeria. Bell mitre-shaped with apical projection, and thin walls. Tubes four, broad, with jagged edges. Tentacles numerous, flexible. Proboscis long, much swollen at the base. Lips simple.
M. multitentacula.
Nemopsis. Bell oval. Tubes, four, broad. Tentacles in four clusters, each cluster situated at the union of radial
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND.
21
tubes and bell margin where there is :i tentacular hull) with a row of pigment spots. Ovaries from tubes and proboscis. Proboscis short, with four oral dendritic ten- tacles.
JV. Bachei.
Lizzia. Bell oval with apical projection and lower wall thin. Tubes, four. Eight clusters of tentacles from the
ZANCr.EA.
YOUNG CALYCOPSIS.
MODEKRIA.
JLIZZIA.
bell-rim. Four of these have five tentacles in each cluster and arise from the margin of the bell near the radial tubes and the remainder of three each alternate with these. Proboscis short, generally with budding young on its sides, with a quadrate mouth, each angle of which bears two clusters of lasso-ceils.
L. oclojnuidala.
22
CCELENTERATA AND
A. II.
Willia. Bell disk-like with small clusters of lasso-cells at intervals on the external walls. Tubes branched, four at origin from the proboscis.
W. ornata. A. III. Mabella. Bell globose. Tubes eight. Tentacles numerous, short, flexible. Proboscis small with lateral buds.
M. gracilis. Melicertum. Bell oval, tall, mitre-shaped. Tubes eight. Tentacles numerous, long and very flexible. Pro- boscis with complicated lips. Tubes with ovaries along their whole length.
M. campanula.
MELICEItTU.M.
[B. I, a.
Obelia. Body disk-shaped, transparent, colorless. Sense-capsules with numerous otoliths, arranged at irreg- ular intervals about the bell rim. Numerous rigid tenta- cles. Four tubes. Ovaries spherical, pendent from the tubes. The bell o ten reversed, and turned in such a
ECHLNODEIIMATA OF NEW ENGLAND.
23
manner that the proboscis appears to arise from its con- vex side. Velum narrow.
0. gelalinosa. CJyiia. Bell disk-shaped, transparent, colorless. Tubes four. Tentacles numerous. Sense-capsules, eight. Ten- tacular bases thickly pigmented. Proboscis short, lips simple.
C bicojrfiora.
STAUROPHORA.
Oceania. Bell, very flexible, disk-shaped, transparent, and moves with a languid motion. Four tubes with elon- gated ovaries. Tentacles numerous, thread-like, flexible. Proboscis short. Ovaries found on the peripheral two- thirds of the radial tubes.
O. languida.
24
CCELENTERATA AND
Eucheilota. Bell disk-shaped, flexible, transparent. Tubes four. Ovaries spherical, hanging from the tubes. Sense-capsules, eight. Tentacles of two kinds, eight long,
YOUNG EUCHEILOTA.
EUCHEIEOTA.
and sixteen small ; shorter called spurs. Each long ten- tacle has a pair of spurs. Tentacular bulbs pigmented.
E. ventricular is.
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND.
25
B. I, b. Timet. Bell hemispherical with thick walls. Tubes four. Tentacles, numerous, long, flexible. Ovaries rib- bon-shaped on the tubes. Sense-bodies, numerous. Stomach mounted on a transparent peduncle. Lips, four- parted, margin with clusters of lasso-cells.
T. Bairdii.
MABELLA.
SPILERULA.
SECTOR OF ZYGODACTVLA. YOUNG ZYGODACTYLA.
Eutima. Bell oval, with thin walls, flexible. Tubes four. Tentacles of two kinds ; four long at extremity of the tubes ; pairs of small tentacles at intervals about the bell margin. These latter also accompany the long tentacles and may be called spurs. Stomach mounted on a slender
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 2*
26 C02LENTERATA AND
peduncle which extends far outside the bell opening. Lips quadrate. Ovaries ribbon-like on tubes and base of pe- duncle.
E. gracilis. B. II. Zygodactyla. Bell disk-shaped, cream colored, also pinkish. Tubes numerous with ribbon-shaped ovaries. Tentacles numerous, short, very flexible, generally coiled. Sense-capsules numerous. Proboscis finger-like folds of a delicate membrane which seldom closes forming the mouth opening. Rows of small tubercles on the walls of the bell-cavity between the chymiferous tubes.
Z. Groenlandica.
Free-swimming larvae. A.I.
Pennaria gibbosa. The young Pennaria closely re- sembles the adult. This stage is rarely found free-swim- ming on the surface, although if a colony of the hydroids be kept in a glass jar for a short time, the buds if mature easily drop off and swim away.
Ilybocodon prolifer. The larvae of this medusa can best be studied by a comparison of the different medusa buds found on the tentacular bulb of the adult. Free forms are extremely rare and after they attain the stage when they separate, their resemblances to the adult are very close.
Stomatoca apicu.ta. Larva like adult with tall bell which, however, is destitute of apical prominence. Tubes four, broad. Tentacles, two, opposite, long, very flexible. No little tentacular projections on the bell-rim between the tentacles. Proboscis shorter than in adult, extending to the bell opening.
Dinemalella cavosa. Larva without apical projection on bell apex. Cavity at base of the proboscis small, want-
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 27
ing. Small finger-like projections on the bell margin wanting:. Color of larva like that of adult.
Sarsia mirabilis. Larva resembles adult.
Dipurena strangulata. Larva not studied.
Ectopleura ochracea. Larva like adult.
Zancleagemmosa. Bell ovate without apical prominence. Tubes four. Tentacles two, each with numerous lateral branches. In some young forms the two additional bud- ding tentacles are seen. Bell with clusters of thread cells as in adult.
Turris episcopalis. Larva with characters of adult.
Dysmorphosa fulgurans. Larva not observed.
Stauvophora laciniata. Larva like adult.
Calicopsis typa. Larva like adult.
Modeeria multitentaculata. Larva not observed.
JVemojms Bachei. Larva has few tentacles in each cluster. Dendritic labial branches less complicated.
Lizzia octopunctata. Larval forms of Lizzia in all stages of growth found on the sides of the proboscis. The young can be studied from these buds. 1. Youngest bud has single tentacle at each end of the radial tubes and single intermediary tentacle. 2. The next oldest has a cluster of three tentacles at end of each tube and three interme- diary in cluster. 3. Oldest with five tentacles at the end of each tube with three in intermediary clusters. The stages 2 and 3 are free, and have rudiments of the second generation of buds on the outside of proboscis. The very immature buds also found in younger stages have half formed probosces.
A. II.
Willia ornata. Larva with four tentacles one at each end of the four unbranched tubes. Alternating with these on the bell walls a small cluster of nematocysts. Apical tube visible.
28 CCELENTERATA AND
A. III.
Mabella gracilis. Larva not observed. Melicerlum campanula. Larva like the adult.
B. I, a.
Obelia diophana. Larva like adult.
Clytia bicop/tora. Larva in youngest form with two tentacles opposite each other and eight otocysts.
Oceania languida. Larva in youngest form with two opposite tentacles, four otocysts. Proboscis small, incon- spicuous.
Euclieilota venlricularis. Larva like adult.
B. I, b.
Tima Bairdii. Larva like adult. Tentacles short, numerous. Proboscis small. Otocysts like adult. Eutima gracilis. Larva not observed.
B. II.
Zygodactyla Grocnlandica. Larva in youngest form found with four tubes, four tentacles. Numerous otocysts. Next oldest larva has four complete tubes and four addi- tional tubes extending half way from junction of probos- cis and bell margin.
Order I. Hydroida {attached).
Many of the jelly-fishes originate as buds from an at- tached zoophyte known as a hydroid. To become familiar with the different forms of the young of the Hydrozoa, it is necessary to be able to identify these animals.
The iixed hydroids are algaa-like organisms, simple or branching, with soft or hard axis. They are solitary or social, and give rise to medusre by budding or by proc- esses resembling fission.
ECIIINODEKMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 29
Athecata.1 Without thecse for hydranth or sexual bodies.
A. Forming calcareous encrustations. . Hydractinia.
B. Erect, plant-like, not parasitic.
I. Solitary.
a. Tentacles capitate, scattered over the
body Acaulis.
b. Tentacles filiform, in two circles.
Corymorpha.
II. Associated.
a. Tentacles of one kind.
Tentacles capitate in single whorl.
Clavatella. Tentacles filiform.
a. Two separate rings of tentacles
with free medusae. Ectopleura.
b. Two tentacular circles without
medusae . . . Tubularia.
c. Scattered, with hydranth on branch
of stem ... . . Tubiclava.
b. Tentacles in single verticil, without
bosses. Polyps sessile . . . Podocoryne. Polyps on stem, with trumpet-shaped proboscis .... Eudendrium. Hydranth without covering, with coni- cal proboscis. Gonophores on ccen- osarc.
a. Arborescent . . Bousrainvillia.
b. Small, simple habit.
Perisonemus.
■Tliecajj'or^cups surrounding the hydranth or stomach with a crown of tentacles about a mouth. Athecata; d, 0rj/ca, without a cup. Thecaphora; OrjKa-^ipoi, cup bearing.
30 CCELENTERATA AND
b. Tentacles of two kinds.
Upper, capitate; lower, rigid in single verticils Cladoneina.
Upper, capitate ; lower, filiform in sev- eral verticils . . . Stauridium.
c. Tentacles in several whorls.
Capitate without free medusae.
Coryne. Capitate with free medusae.
Syncoryne. C. Parasitic on Seriola zonata (osseous fish).
Hydrichthys. No tentacles, two kinds of individuals. Hydroid reduced to a botryoidal cluster of medusae.
Thecaphora. Hydroids with hydranth and sexual bodies enclosed in a cup.
A. Calycles1 erect and free, hydranths retractile.
I. Calycles supported on a short process from
the stem ; hydranths partially retractile. With tentacular organs over the ccenosarc.
Ophiodes. Without tentacular organs over the ccenosarc.
Halecium.
II. Calycles bell-shaped.
a. Operculatcd Lovenella.
b. Non-operculated.
Clytia.
Obelia.
Campanularia.
Thaumantias.
Gonothyraea.
'Cup-like structures, liydrothecic, in which the hydranths are protected.
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 31
III. Calycles not bell-shaped.
a. Calycles conical, long . Campanulina.
b. Calycles with conical operculum, con-
stricted at base ; pedicellate.
Calycella.
c. Sessile ; not constricted at the base.
Cuspidclla.
d. Calycles without conical operculum,
scattered Lafcea.
B. Calycles adnate, disposed along the stem and branches. I. Without nematophores.1
a. Calycles cylindrical and disposed on all
sides of stem Salacia.
b. Calycles on creeping stem (not erect).
Filellum.
c. Calycles in two series.
1. Alternate, with operculum.
Sertularella.
2. Without operculum.
a. Gonotheca3 with cleft margin
and internal marsupium.
Diphasia.
b. Orifice of gonotheca, plane ;
no internal marsupium. Writh verticillate branches. Sertularia.
Without verticillate branches.
Antennularia.
1. With mesial nematophore attached to part
of calycle. Aglaophenia.
2. Without mesial nematophore.
Plumularia.
'Small cup-shaped structure resembling small calycles in which a protoplasmic threadlike body is found, and Irom the inner base of which it arises.
32
CCELENTEEATA AND
VIEW OF ANTERIOR END OF ACAULIS, SHOWING TEM- PORARY TENTACLES tt.
ADULT ACAULIS. «, TERMINAL OPENING OF THE BODY— THE INTERIOR OF THIS BODY IS "DARK REDDISH PURPLE;" b, CENTRAL, PURPLE-COLORED BODY WALL; C, SMALL PAPILLA— THESE, AS WELL AS THE EXTERNAL BODY WALL, ARE LIGHT PINK; d, RIDGKS OR FOLDS IN THE EXTERNAL AVALLS OF THE BODY, OF A "WHITE COLOR;" e, TERMINAL CONTINUATION (UNATTACHED) OF THE BODY OF THK YOUNG ACAULIS; g, GONOPHORES— THE INTERIOR OF THESK CLUSTERS IS DARK PURPLE, THE EXTEUIOR, WHITE GRANULAR; t, PERMANENT TENTACLES— "SUCTORIAL TEN- TACLES ;" tt, TEMPORARY TENTACLES.
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 33
A.
Hydractinia. Clavate sessile filiform tentacles from a conical proboscis from the ccenosarc. Naked polypary. Some polypites are partially developed and bear spheri- cal clusters of thread cells. No medusae. Found on shell inhabited by Eupagurus, or on floating wood, spiles, etc.
H. echinata.
B.
Acaulis. Solitary, cylindrical, terminated above in a conical proboscis. Adherent. Tentacles scattered, small over whole body. Gonophores clustered about base.
A. primarius.
Corymovplta. Polypite solitary, in delicate sheath.
Two sets of filiform tentacles. Oral tentacles in several
verticils placed close together. Prominent proboscis.
Roots attached in sand.
G. nutans.
Ectojpleura. Stem delicate, slightly branched. Twenty- four oral ; thirty lower tentacles. Medusae developed be- tween the two series.
E. ochracea.
B. II. b.
Tubularia. Stem simple and branched, rooted by a fil- iform stolon with inverted polypary. Filiform tentacles in two whorls. Gonophores on peduncles between two whorls of tentacles. Young has an actinula form.
T. indivisa.
Clava. Clavate, tentacles smooth, sheathed in chiti- nous polypary. Buds borne in clusters. No medusae. On Fucus.
C. leptosiyla.
Tubiclava. Erect stem with branches and creeping
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXm. 3
34
CGELENTEEATA AND
stolon. Sheathed in chitinous polypary. Buds in clus- ters below lower tentacles. No medusae.
T. comucojrice.
Podocoryne. Ccenosarc thick network ; polypary forms
a continuous crust which forms a small cup-like invest-
TUBULARIA.
CORYMORPHA.
ment round the base of polypites. Single verticil of ten- tacles. Gonophores borne below the tentacles. Free me- dus83. Gonosome bell-shaped. Short manubrium with oral tufts of thread cells. P. cornea.
Eudendrium. Stem branched with creeping stolon. Chitinous perisarc. Hydranths borne at the end of branches, vase-shaped. Single verticil of filiform tentac- ula. Gonophores from polypites below the tentacles or from the stem with fixed sporosacs.
E. di&par.
ramosum.
ranieum.
cingulatum.
capillare.
tenue.
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 35
Perigonemus. Ccenosarc chitinous. Stem branching with thread-like stolon. Single verticil of tentacles ; gon- ophores developed from ccenosarc.
Medusa, Stomatoca.
Bougaiiivillia. Stem branched, rooted by filiform stolon. Ccenosarc with chitinous covering. Single circle of tentacles round base of conical proboscis.
Medusa, Nemopsis and Bougaiiivillia.
iV". Bachei. B. superciliaris.
Cladonema. Stem simple, slightly branched. Four capitate, tuberculate tentacles, from false tentacles which are stiff, and rounded at the extremities.
O. radiatum.
Stauridium. Creeping stolons, stem simple. Four whorls of cruciformly arranged tentacles, which are rigid, extending at right angle to the body.
Syncoryne. Stem simple or branched, rooted stolon wholy covered in tube. Medusa is Sarsia.
S. mirabilis.
C.
Hydrichtliys. Parasitic on body walls of a fish. No tentacles : no terminal mouth opening. Sexual clusters, botryoidal.
H. mirus.
Thecaphora.
A.
Ophiodes. Stem, branching, base enclosed in cup ; sto- lon root-like ; non-retractile hydranths which are divided by a constriction into two regions. Webbed tentacles in a single verticil.
0. mirabilis.
36 CCELENTEKATA AND
Hdlecium. Plant-like, branched, rooted by creeping stolon. Hydrothecee biserial, tubular, bell-shaped, sub- sessile, jointed to short lateral process. Hydranth par- tially retractile. Fixed sporosacs.
H. gracile. Lovenella. Stem simple, branched, thread-like stolon. Hydrotheca turbinate, elongate, crowned with a conical operculum.
L. gracilis.
Olytia. Stem simple, branched slightly. Creeping
stolon. Hydrotheca: bell-shaped. No operculum. Hy-
dranths with large trumpet-shaped proboscis. Medusae on
stolon and stem.
Medusa, Clylia.
C. Johnstoni. Obelia. Stem branching, plant-like, creeping stolon. Bell-shaped. No operculum. Gonothecge on stem and branches.
O. gelatinosa.
commisuralis.
Campanularia. Stem simple, branched, filiform stolon.
Hydrothecaa bell-shaped. No operculum. Hyaline. Hy-
dranths with cup-shaped proboscis.
Gonophores fixed sporosacs, which mature in the cap- sule.
O. caliculata. Thawnantias. Stem simple or branched, rooted to thread-like stolon. Calycles campanulate, with funnel- shaped proboscis.
Gonothyrcea. Stem erect branching, thread-like stolon. Hydrotheca3 bell-shaped, transparent. Proboscis promi- nent, contractile.
G. tenuis. Qampanulina. Stem slender, annulated. Calycles thin,
ECHINODEKMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 37
membranous, pointed, produced. Hydranths with webbed
tentacles.
C. acuminata.
Leptoscyphus. Stem simple or branching, attached by a thread-like stolon. Hydrothecae with operculum com- posed of convergent segments. Hydranths cylindrical with medusiform zooids.
Medusa, Lizzia grata ?
Lafoza. Stem simple, creeping tubular fibre, or erect and composed of many aggregated tubes rooted by a fili- form stolon. Hydrothecse tubular, sessile or with a short pedicel. No operculum. Hydranths cylindrical with con- ical proboscis.
L. robusta.
Cahjcella. Stem a creeping tubular fibre, erect, com- pound branched, rooted by a filiform stolon. Hydrothecre tubular with an operculum formed of convergent segments or a plaited membrane. Hydranths cylindrical with coni- cal proboscis. Fixed sporosacs.1
O. humilis. B
Solatia (Grammaria Stimpson). Stem erect, com- posed of aggregate tubes, branching rooted. Hydrothecas cylindrical, sessile, no operculum, aclnate for part of length. Disposed on all sides of the stem in regular and equidis- tant longitudinal series.
S. robusta.
Filelliim. Stem creeping, filiform, reticulate, im- mersed in chitinous crust. Hydrothecse tubular, decum- bent, adherent. No operculum, irregularly arranged along the stem to which they are attached by short stalk.
Sertularella. Plant-like. Stem branching, jointed,
1 Sacs in which the spores are contained; gonosac, sac containing the male sexual elements.
38 CCELENTERATA AND
rooted by a creeping stolon. Hydrothecae biserial, alter- nate, orifice toothed. Operculum of several pieces.
jS. polyzonias.
Diphasia. Plant-like. Stem branching, jointed, rooted
by a creeping stolon. Hydrothecae opposite, pair on each
internode. Valve-like operculum. Gonothecas scattered,
different in male and female.
D.fallax. Sertularia (Dynamena). Plant-like; stem branching, jointed, rooted by creeping stolon. Hydrothecae biserial, opposite or alternate. No operculum. Gonothecse scat- tered .
S. pumila. Antennularia . Plant-like. Stems simple or branching, with verticillate branohlets and rooted by a mass of fibres Hydrothecae cup-shaped. Nematophores bithalmic on stem.
A. spj
Plumularia. Hydrothecae sessile, unilateral. With
nematophores or minute cups which contain an extensile
offshoot from the ccenosarc, with or without nematocysts.
Gonozooids fixed.
P. Verrillii. Aglaophenia. Plumose, simple or branched, rooted. Hydrothecae cup-formed. Nematophores on the Hydro- thecae. Gonothecse in the form of corbulse.
A. arborea.
Order II. Trachymedusce. Sense-bodies with a hood. With a bell-cavity and ve- lum. Medusae transparent, of small size resembling in many particulars the Hydroida. Body disk-like, spheri- cal, conical ; colorless. Walls sometimes rigid, sometimes flexible. Marginal tentacles stiff, sometimes easily decid-
ECIIINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND.
39
nous in single row. Often obscurely "hooded eyed." Pro- boscis and radial tubes generally present, often absent.
A. Without proboscis Cunina.
B. With proboscis;
I. Body-walls rigid .... Trachynema.
II. Body-walls flexible Liriope.
Cunina. Body disk-shaped, inflexible, destitute of ra- dial tubes. Tentacles rigid, arise from sides of the body
CUNINA. SECTION OF THE BELL RIM OF TRACHYNEMA.
YOUNG TRACHYNEMA.
not from disk margin. Velum muscular, forming the lower floor of stomach-cavity.
O. discoides.
B. I.
Trachynema. Umbrella mitre-shaped with rigid walls,
with quick spasmodic movements in propulsion. Onward
motion caused in part by vibration of velum. Tentacles
numerous with rigid bases. Eight radial tubes, generally
40 CCELENTERATA AND
stump-like on account of deciduous extremities. Eight bright-red sense-capsules without covering lappets or "hoods." Proboscis pedunculated. Lips quadrate with numerous lasso-cells. Eight sausage-like ovaries hanging in bell-cavity from radial tubes.
T. digitalis.
LIRTOPE. SIODEEKIA (TUKKITOPSIS).
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 41
D. II.
Liriope. Body mushroom-shaped with flexible walls. Tentacles long, flexible, four in number. Four radial tubes. Proboscis pedunculated. Otocysts naked, with accompa- nying tentacular appendages. Ovaries on radial tubes, heart-shaped, slightly pendent from the inner walls of the bell.
L. scutigera. Free-swimming larvoe.
The larval forms of the Trachymedusce are very rare in Narragansett Bay. The youngest Trachynema which was found has a disk-shaped body, very obscure proboscis and eight tentacles alternating with eight otocysts. The sur- face of the body and the tentacles are ciliated.
O. discoides is a very rare medusa in New England wa- ters and only two forms have been found ; one with eleven and the other with fourteen tentacles.
Order III. Siphonophora. Potymorphic medusae generally with a tubular-formed body. With or without a float. With flask-shaped stomachs (polypites), from which depend long, contractile tentacles. Many have swimming-bells (nectocalyces), covering-scales and characteristic flask-like bodies called tasters. Colo- nies monoecious or dioecious. Reproduction by ova and by budding.
A. With a float Physophorse.
I. With an axis Agalmoides.
Nanomia.
II. Without an axis .... Physalia.
B. Without a float Calycophoroe.
A. I.
Agalmoides. Body tubular, with colored axis, size of
42 CCELENTERATA AND
a knitting-needle; float small. Nectocalyces arranged in two opposite rows on the third of the axis below the float, called the nectostem. Covering-scales flat, quadrangular in shape. Stomachs or polypites, arranged at intervals on lower two-thirds of the axis called polypstem. Tentacles long, contractile, dotted with lateral appendages (tentac- ular knobs). Each tentacular knob with pedicel ; coiled cork-screw part (sacculus) covered by an involucrum ; two terminal filaments and spherical vesicle. Ova and spermatozoa on the same individual or colony.
A. elegans.
Nanomia. Body tubular with colored axis ; float small. Nectocalyces arranged in two rows on the third of axis. Covering-scales flat, quadrangular. Stomachs or poly- pites, on two-thirds the axis. Tentacles long, contractile, when retracted thrown into festoons. Tentacular knobs with sacculus, involucrum and single terminal filament. Ova and spermatozoa in respective bells on same colony.
iV. cava. A. II.
Pliysalia. Body bag-shaped, floating on the surface of the water, with appendages hanging down in the water on the lower side. Float pointed at one end with raised chambered crest on the upper side. Tentacles very long, contractile, armed at intervals with reniform thickenings of lasso-cells. Polypites numerous. Sexual bodies in the form of buds on a branching axis.
P. Arethusa.
Diphyes. Two small gelatinous nectocalyces placed end to end with openings into cavities pointing in same direc- tion. Anterior conical, with four radial tubes of unequal length and single blind tube called the somatocyst in the bell walls on one side. Posterior bell with radial tubes of the same length, no somatocyst. Axis long, flexible,
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 43
with clusters of individuals at intervals. Sexual organs connected with these clusters.
D. formosa.
EUDOXIA LESSONII. DIPLOPHTSA INERJIIS.
Free -swimming larvae.
Agalmoides elegans. The agg is dropped from the bells in the cluster of female sexual bodies and goes through its segmentation in the water.
There are three larval stages in the progress of the de- velopment which are called :
1. Primitive larva.
2. Athorybia stage.
3. Physophora stage.
All of these are found free-swimming in surface fishing; the first is rare, the second and third are taken almost
44 CCELENTERATA AND
every summer in Narragansett Bay. The Physophora larva is the most common.
The primitive larva consists of a primitive polypite formed directly from the egg or budded from its side, a helmet-shaped covering-scale, the primitive covering-scale, or hydro phy Ilium, through which pass an unbranchal prim- itive canal and an embryonic tentacle with transitory tentacular knobs. The primitive larva swims at moderate depths in the aquarium.
The Athorybia stage has no primitive covering-scale, but a circle of serrated, provisional covering-scales, a transitory tentacle with tentacular knobs, afloat, polypite, taster, and is destitute of nectocalyces. The axis from which the circle of serrated covering-scales in this larva arises is also probably transitory. The Athorybia stage is generally found free on the surface of the water.
The Physophora larva resembles closely the adult with the exception that it still retains the embryonic tentacle with its characteristic tentacular-knobs. Float and necto- calyces like those of the adult. The portion of the stem below the nectocalyces, called the polypstem, is enlarged at its very extremity somewhat as in the genus Physo- phora. Covering-scales like those of the adult are present, and the permanent tentacle with the knob characteristic of the adult coexist with the embryonic. Both depend from the extremity of the stem opposite the float. A small cluster of immature buds just below the lower pair of nec- tocalyces are undeveloped polypites and tasters.
PJiysalia. The youngest Physalia has a float and poly- pite with a single tentacle. Of the very young Physalia little is known. There are no known provisional organs. The float is small, spherical or slightly oval in form.
The young stages of Diphyes have never been observed in Narragansett Bay, yet certain forms called the Diphy-
ECIIINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 45
zooids may be described here. A Diphyzooid is a frag- ment of a Calycophore which has an independent life. Two forms of Diphyzooids have been found in Narragan- sett Bay. They are known as Eudoxia Lessonii and Di- jjhjjhysa inermis.
Diphphysa inermis. This species is the diphyzooid of Monophyes gracilis, and in the cycle of development we have, according to Chun, stages corresponding with the following genera :
1. Monophyes.
2. Muggisea.
3. Diplophysa.
Monophyes has not yet been recorded from New Eng- land. Muggisea has been taken once or twice.
Order IV. Acraspeda.
Body or umbrella, disk-shaped. Sense bodies with a hood. Velum obscure. Without a bell cavity. Body gel- atinous, flexible, convex above, generally colored. From centre of under surface hang long projections, or curtain- like folds, which enclose a stomach. Filaments (tentacles) arranged in bundles or simple rows around or near the disk margin. Sense bodies alternating with the tentacles on the bell rim, covered with "hoods."
A. Eight sense-bodies on umbrella margin.
Cyanea. Anrelia. Dactylometra.
B. Sixteen sense-bodies on umbrella margin.
Callinema.
A. I.
I. Body red ; month parts in folds ; tentacles long, con- spicuous, in clusters Cyanea.
46
CCELENTEHATA AND
A. II.
II. Body white ; mouth parts four tentacular bodies ; tentacles short, inconspicuous Aurelia.
YOUNG CYANEA. AURELIA.
A. III.
III. Body pink ; mouth parts in four long tentacular bodies; tentacles long, in series . . . Dactylometra.
A.
Oyanea. Umbrella depressed with scalloped edges in which lie eight sense bodies, alternating with eight bun- dles of tentacles. Lips formed of curtain-like folds with
ECHINODEKMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 47
many ruffles. Chymiferous tubes dendritic. Color red and blue. Body very large.
(J. arctica.
Aurelia. Umbrella disk-shaped with a single row of
marginal tentacles. Eight hooded otocysts. Lips in the
form of four fringed arms. Chymiferous tubes branched,
not dendritic. Color cream or white. Body large size.
A. flavidula. Dactylometra. Flexible umbrella, globular, discoid, with many marginal tentacles and incised edges. Lips in form of four long projecting tentacle-like appendages. Color pinkish ; tentacles red. Tubes of body unbranched. No peripheral vessel.
D. qui?iquecirra.
B.
Oallinema. Umbrella flat, thick with apical protuber- ance. Tubes radial, anastomosing in sixteen segments. Circular vessel with radial extensions. Sixteen sense lap- pets. Tentacles long, numerous, arising from circular vessel. Lips in curtain-like frills.
C. ornata.
Free-swimming larvae,. The only free-swimming larvae of Acraspeda yet de- scribed from New England are called the Ephyrte. Al- though other genera occur I have found only this stage of the two above-mentioned genera. The ova are borne in the folds of the mouth and their development into free planulse can be easily traced into the sessile stages, Scy- phistoma1 and Strobila, descriptions of which do not come in the province of this work. The youngest free larva
•Lucemaria, which is closely allied to Scyphistoma, lias cup-shaped, very con- tractile body with peduncle and is found attached to Zostera or some similar foreign object. Tentacles small in clusters of tuft-like bodies. Color brown or light green.
48 C02LENTERATA AND
between the Strobila and adult is called the Ephyra. The Ephyrse of Cyanea and Aurelia closely resemble each other ; that of Cyanea is, however, a little larger than that of Aurelia andhas a brown or reddish color. Both have aflat, disk-shaped body, deeply emarginated by sixteen incisions of two depths ; in the more shallow of which the otocysts are placed, while a single tentacle is found as a mere stump in the deeper. The lips are very simple and without folds. In vibrations of the umbrella the marginal lappets are commonly raised above the aboral region of the bell and then brought suddenly down below the mouth.
A larval stage of Cyanea older than the Ephyra, which approaches in many particulars the form of the adult, is well marked on account of the great development of small fila- ments placed at intervals over the aboral region of the bell.
The larval stages of Callinema and Dactylometra are not known.
Order V. Gtenophora. Free-swimming, gelatinous animals with spherical, thimble-shaped or ovate forms. The external walls of the body crossed by eight meridional rows of paddle-like flap- pers. With or without tentacles. Single, large, compound otocyst at one pole. Chymiferous tubes radially arranged. Without proboscis.
A. Ctenophora without tentacles (Nuda) . Beroe.
B. Ctenophora with tentacles (Tentaculata).
I. Body spherical, without lateral lobes. Rows
of flappers of same length. Pleurobrachia.
II. Body with large lateral lobes. Rows of
flappers unequal in length. Mnemiopsis.
A. Nuda. Beroe (Mtiller). Body ovate, hat-shaped, with pinkish color. No tentacles, no body lobes. Large central body
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 49
cavity. Chymiferous tubes anastomosing, with many lat- eral branches.
B. roseola.
B. II.
Pleurobracliia . Body spherical, transparent, colorless, of relative hard consistency. Meridional rows of flappers of equal length extending direct from the sense to the oral pole. Tentacles very long with lateral branches of crim- son color, capable of being retracted into ;i chamber on each side of body.
P. rJiododactyla.
Mnemiqpsis.1 Body transparent, compressed laterally and with two prominent lobes. Body colorless, with walls flexible. Tentacles short. Rows of locomotor flap- pers of unequal length. Four ear-like, ciliate ( ?) ap- pendages ("auricles") near the mouth.
M. Leidyi.
Free-swimming larvae.
The larva? of the Ctenophora are among the most com- mon of all the medusa' found in surface- fishing. The eggs sometimes occur in great numbers in the collecting jars where any of the different genera have been allowed to remain fora short time. They are sometimes found single, sometimes in strings. Ova are small when single as in Mnemiopsis and others, but can be observed with the unaided eye. These little transparent globes enclose an egg, the growth of which can easily be followed through early stages of segmentation. The larva? of the Cteno- phora, after leaving the egg sac, are difficult to refer to
1 Bolina alata is closely allied to this genus. ESSKX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII. 4
50 (XELENTEUATA AND
their respective genera. Those of Beroe never have tentacles. Of the tentaculated genera Pleurobrachia and Mnemiopsis, the former has long tentacles which never diminish in size with age and is destitute of lateral lobes, while the latter has widespreading lobes which increase very greatly in size with advancing growth and the ten- tacles become smaller and smaller in the progressive growth. The adult has rudimentary tentacles. The young of the Ctenophora are never sessile, with no inter- mediate asexual form ; consequently the development is said to be direct.
Class II. Actinozoa. Ccelenterates attached or free. Stomach bag-like, with linear mouth opening into body cavity. Radial septa in body cavity. Internal sexual bodies. Without medusi- form gonophores, solitary or colonial. Body soft with mural spicules, calcareous septa horny, flinty axis. Often shrub-like, branching.
Actinoida.
Tentacles twelve or numerous, hollow, sometimes per- forate, rarely branched. Bodies soft. Skeleton when pres- ent calcareous. Spicules absent in body.
A. Bodies soft, generally solitary, attached or free.
Tentacles numerous Actiniaria.
I. Adherent.
Disk lobed . . Actinoloba (Metridium). Disk not lobed. Body covered with warts.
Bunodes. Ccenosarc developed. Colonial, two circles of tentacles . . Polythoa (Zoanthus). Tentacles, many circles. Solitary.
Tealia (Rhodactinia, Urticina).
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND.
51
II. Communal and adherent.
a. In branching colonics
b. In calcareous encrustations
III. Not adherent.
Lives in sand, not colonial.
Lophohelia. Astranffia.
ACTINOLOBA (METRIOIUM).
a. Tentacles' simple, slightly retractile.
Ilyanthus.
b. Tentacles in two sets, posterior opening.
Cereanthus.
Body covered in sand, colonial. Individuals
not connected with ccenosarc . Edwardsia.
Parasitic in Cyanea .... Philomedusa.
A. I.
Actinoloba. Body fixed. Outer surface smooth. Ten- tacles small, on lobes, retractile. Reproduction; fission,
52
CCELENTEKATA AND
gemmation and ova. Hermaphrodite. Eggs develop in- ternally. Abundant everywhere at low tide.
A. marginata.
ACTINOI.OBA WITH BODY CONTRACTED.
Bunodes. Body with thick walls, covered externally with warts. Tentacles short, not numerous, in four rows.
B. speclabilis.
Polythoa. Polyps in clusters connected by living cceno-
sarc. Attached to shells inhabited by hermit crabs, worms,
etc. P. parasitica.
Tealia.1 Solitary, tentacles in many series. Base large.
Body bright red, smooth; when retracted, flat.
T. crassicornis. nodosa. (?) A. II. Loj)hohelia. Colonial , branched . Polyps irregularly al- ternate, widely separate. Calycles cup-shaped, slightly protuberant. Axis solid, zigzag. Deep water.
L. prolifera.
1 Urticina.
ECHINODERMATA OP NEW ENGLAND. 53
Aslrangia. Skeleton calcareous encrustations. Not branching. Individuals closely crowded. Corallum cir- cular, sometimes polygonal by crowding. Septa of equal size, not prominent, peripheral wall. Polyps cylindrical, tentacles numerous, doited with clusters of nematocysts. Terminal clubs. Tentacles retractile. Ova vomited through month when laid. South of Cape Cod.
A. Dance.
A. III.
llyanthus. Body free, tapering posteriorly. Tenta- cles slightly retractile. No posterior orifice.
/. Icevis. Cereantlius. Body elongated, vermiform. Two series of tentacles which alternate with each other. Posterior part present.
C. borp.alis. Edivardsia. Colonial, not attached by ccenosarc. Pos- terior extremity inflated, not perforate, membranous. Ten- tacles on a retractile column. Motion in retraction rapid. Color white. Young, Arachnactis.*
E. sijnuwidoides.
fa.rinacea.
sulcata.
carnea.
lineata.
Philomedum. Body vermiform with posterior sac.
Posterior opening? Tentacles few, short, thick, conical.
P. parasitica.
Madreporaria. Solitary or colonial. Secrete lime skeletons. Tenta- cles numerous, hollow ; no external opening, retractile.
1 The young of E. lineata 1 is said to be the Actinian parasite ot'Mneniiopsis.
54 OCELENTERATA AND
I. Solitary, not attache*]1 .... Pennatulacea.
II. Attached.
a. With axis Gorgonacea.
b. Without horny axis . . . Alcyonacea. Body with circular base with calcareous septa. No ring- shaped wall. Six peripheral tooth-like extensions of cal- careous septa. Septa large and small, alternating in two or more series. Each septa with lateral ridges. Unat- tached. Lower surface ribbed. Deep water.
Deltocyatlius. Body horn-shaped, prolonged to a posterior projec- tion. Two axes of different lengths. Peripheral wall. Large prominent septa which rise above the upper surface ; no centrifugal peripheral teeth. One series of septa.
Flabellum Goodei.
Alcyonoida.
Compound corals with eight pectinate or branched ten- tacles. With or without sclerobase. When sclerobase is present, horny, calcareous or siliceous. With a cortical layer formed of consolidated or scattered spicules.
Pennatulacea. Free or with base buried in sand, pen- shaped, composed of an axis and leaf portion. With spic- ules. Sclerobase small flexible rod. Polyps on edge of leaf. Zooids small on axis.
Gorgonacea. Rooted, plant-like, branching. With horny or siliceous sclerobase or loosely consolidated spic- ules in axis. Cortical layer present or absent in dry specimens.
Alcyonacea. Attached, fleshy, with scattered spicules. Massive, colonial. Without sclerobase.
'Deep water; not strictly belonging in this paper.
B0HINODERMA1A OF NEW ENGLAND. 55
JPennatulidce. Pennatula. Polyp region with prominent flat leaves which are two ranked, opposite. Polyps marginal. Shaft smooth. Color of leaves red, shaft at end white. Phosphorescent. Aperture of polyps with spinose spic- ules.
P. aculeata. Ballicina. Polyps in oblique rows, two in each row. Leaves not prominent. Gdycles (polyps) spinose. Zo- oids on the axis between the leaves. Axis below the leaves smooth. With terminal polyp. Leaves pale-purple. Axis salmon color.
B. Finmarchica.
Virgulariadce. Virgularia. Stem filiform ; polyp region linear with sessile curved lobes on upper end. Polyps marginal. Pinna3 Avanting.
V. Ljungmanni.
GORGONACEA.
Alcyonacea.
A. Withontsclerobase, the axis formed of consolidated spicules.
Alcyonium. Polyps prominent ; solitary. Body lobed, with spicules. Prominent circumoral spicules. Pores star-like. Encrusting submerged bodies. White or red, axis generally white.
1. Large, markedly lobed . . . . A. carneum.
2. Small, nodose, bright-red . . . A. rubiforme.
Paragorgiidce.
B. With horny or siliceous sclerobase and generally with cortical layer.
56 CCELENTERATA AND
1. Sclerobase with nodes and internodes.
2. Sclerobase horny.
Paragorgia. Anthothela. Acanella.
Acanthogorgia.
Paramurieea.
Primnoa.
B. 1. Paragorgia. Coral large, branching with axis formed of spicules. No horny deposit.
P. arborea.
Anthothela. Coral irregular with spiculose axis of fus- iform spicules. Calycles prominent, not retractile". Ccen- osarc thin. Spicules warty in ccenosarc and calycles.
A. insignis.
Acanella. Branched with nodes larger than internodes. Nodes very hard. Ccenosarc thin. Tentacles still' with spicules.
A. Normani.
B. 2.
Acanthogorgia. Coral slender, flexible, branched, bushy. Ccenosarc thin with small, curved, wart-like spi- cules which do not project. Calycles elongated. Disk surmounted by eight groups of long, divergent, spine-like spicules. Body spicula, rarely projecting.
A. armata.
Paramurieea. Differs from Acanthogorgia in possess- ing shorter calycles and shorter marginal spines. Spic- ules irregular, flat, branched.
P. boreal is.
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. ")7
Primnoa. Central axis horny, branched; cortical layei hard, with difficulty separated from the sclerobase. Caly- cles protuberant, vvithscales. Oalicular apertures (months) with eight scales. Cortical laver rough on external surface.
P. reseda.
IV. ECHINODERMATA.
The animals which are included in the Echinodermata are all marine and are distinguished by a spinous integu- mentary covering. The integument may be rilled with calcareous deposit in the form of sharp, pointed, immov- able warts, or plates closely joined together, bearing sculpt- ured and tinted movable spines. In some cases the integument is smooth and has embedded anchor-shaped cal- careous spicules. The existence of spines has given the name of the Echinodermata, "hedge-hog skinned," to the group.
The form of the body varies very considerably. It has sometimes the form of an oblate sphere with immovable calcareous plates, as in the sea-urchins. In others the body is soft and vermiform. The majority are star-shaped, in which a central body and peripheral rays can be differ- entiated. In the ordinary star-fishes the body and rays are with difficulty distinguished. In the group of brittle-stars the body is sharply marked off from the rays which extend as long, highly flexible, worm-like bodies. These rays may be filamentous, as in the feather-stars, or divided and subdivided as in the basket-fishes. In the common star- fish we have ordinarily but five rays, while in the sun- stars the rays are numerous. In the pentagonal star-fishes the interval between the rays is filled up, the tip only extending beyond the five angles, and the distinction be- tween the central body and peripheral arms is almost lost.
The star-shape disappears wholly in the sea-urchins
58 C(ELENTERATA AND
which have a spherical body with no arms. The body is ordinarily spinous, whence the name of the typical genus, Echinus. In Echinarachnius, the " sand dollar" or "sand cake," the sphere is flattened into a thin, slightly conical disk.
In most of the Holothurians, "sea-cucumbers," the body is columnar; in some vermiform. In this group portions of the body may be covered with scales without prominent spines, but is leathery, or soft and flexible.
The stellate Echinoderms tire distinguished by an oral and an aboral region. The oral region in the star-fishes is' situated below; in the Crinoids above, as the animal is ordinarily placed. A mouth is found at or near the centre of the oral region. The vent when present is, in the star- fishes, on the centre of the aboral region. The brittle-stars have no vent.
The oral surface of the star-fishes is formed of five double rows of plates extending from mouth to extremity of the ray. These plates are called ambulacral plates and from the intervals between them arise the feet which are often with suckers at the free end and with a single or paired inflation or ampulla at the opposite end in the body . These feet are in two or four rows in«each ray. In the brittle- stars the ambulacral plates are covered by a ventral series of plates or integument.
In the spheroidal Echinoderms the aboral surface of the star-fish is reduced to a small circle at the pole opposite the mouth. The ambulacrals appear as meridional rows of plates extending from mouth to aboral circle. In the "sand dollars" a portion of these plates on the upper sur- face is specialized into a rosette of five pairs of plates arranged in a series known as the petaloid region. The position of the anus varies in the sea-urchins from the neighborhood of the mouth to a point on the opposite pole
ECHINODEKMATA OF NEW ENGLAND.
59
of the body. Our common sea-urchin sometimes exca- vates cavities in the solid rock.
In the "sea-cucumbers" the structure of the ambula-
SEA-URCHINS IN EXCAVATIONS.
cral plates is obscure. In some genera a foot is formed by the modification of three of these series ; in Cucumaria we find five double rows, and in Thy one the suckers are ir-
60 CXELENTERATA AND
regularly distributed. Certain sea-cucumbers and brittle- stars have feet destitute of suckers.
The nervous system is exposed to the water in star- fishes, but is covered by a series of plates in brittle-stars and sea-urchins and is internal in sea-cucumbers. Eye- spots are found at the ends of the rays in star-fishes ; in a ring about the aboral region in sea-urchins and are want- ing in Crinoids and brittle-stars and possibly in sea- cu- cumbers. Special organs of smell exist on the under or oral surface of the star-fishes as shown by physiological studies. Otocysts are known in deep-sea genera.
The ovarian openings lie in the angles of the rays or in the vicinity of the mouth in star-fishes ; in a circle about the aboral region in sea-urchins and on the lateral cirri in Antedon. In brittle-stars there are four broad openings on the side of the disk, called by some genital slits. By many naturalists these are regarded as respiratory open- ings. Holothurians generally have a single sexual open- ing near the mouth.
A madreporic body or convoluted prominence is well marked in star-fishes and sea-urchins and hidden or want- ing in snake-stars and sea-cucumbers.
The sexes are ordinarily separate. Some star-fishes, snake-stars and the sea-cucumbers are probably hermaph- rodite. The Echinodermata have a direct or indirect de- velopment, and some are viviparous.
The Echinodermata of our coast are divided as follows :
Free Crinoidea. Body with pinnate rays, with jointed cirri on the aboral region.
As/eroidea. Body stellate or pentagonal, with an aboral and oral region, the latter only crossed by five or ten double radial
EOHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 6 1
rows of protrusible legs. No line of demarcation be- tween body and arms.
Ophiuroidea. Body stellate with a central disk and peripheral arms sharply marked oft* "from each other.
Echinoidea.
No peripheral arms, body spherical or discoidal, spinif- erons, inflexible.
Ho lothurio idea .
No peripheral arms, body columnar, flexible, tegu- mentary, partially squamous or leathery. Not spinifer- ons.
ASTEROIDEA.
Bod)r stellate, with no separation between disk and arms. Abactinal region large, flexible, with embedded calcareous deposits. Spines on the abactinal region small. With suck- ers and ampulla? arranged in two or four rows in each arm. Ambulacral plates not covered. Nervous system and water system of the arms naked. Eye-spots at ex- tremity of the arms. Ovarian openings in the angle of the arms. Madreporic bod)' conspicuous on aboral surface. Stomach and hepatic cceca in both arms and disk. Polian and racemose vesicles. Young a free brachiolarian, or viviparous. PedicellariaB sessile, bipaited.
A. Body stellate, five or six rays.
B. Body stellate, with numerous rays.
C. Body markedly pentagonal.
Aslerias. Body star-shaped with normally five arms (six? in one species). Rays with marginal spines and plates, and with four rows of ambulacral plates. Arms long, inflated.
a. Five rays (in normal specimens).
62 CXELENTERATA AND
I. Color reddish, madreporic body dull in color. Free larvae take the form of brachiolaria.
A. vulgaris.
II. Color brownish, madreporic body bright red or more often orange.
A. Forbesii. b. Six rays. Spines scattered, large, slight constriction between arms and disk.
A. polaris. Leptasterias. Body stellate, five-rayed with prominent scattered spines ; color white or light gray. Young vivi- parous, attached by a cord on the oral region.
L. tenera.
t;;.^-^
Cribrella. Body smooth, stellate, five rayed, covered with short spines and spine waits, porous integument. Lateral spines small and inconspicuous. Two rows of
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND.
63
sucker-feet. Bright colored. Young bright red. Devel- opment direct. Young carried about the mouth.
C. sanguineolenla.
r\
CRIBRELEA.
Solaster. Body smooth with short spines. Lateral spines small or inconspicuous. Radius of disk large as compared with that of the star-fish. Color red.
jS. endeca. Grossasier. Body and abactinal region of the rays studded with tufts of spines. Color red.
C pcvpposa.
gnu. WmJM
^
''■'^^V /'.'■'
CROSSASTEK.
\
s
\
\
\J
PTERASTER.
64 CCELENTEKATA AND
Glenodiscus. Aboral surface paved with short, thickly set spines. Madreporic body large. Central protuber- ance in centre of aboral surface. Edges of rays paved with rectangular plates which bear spines. Rays termi- nated by a single median rounded plate.
C. crispatus.
Asterina. Body pentagonal, thick, flat with thin mar- gin, destitute of rectangular plates. Small.
A. borealis.
Pteraster. Body with aboral region covered by a thin tent-formed integument stretched over the body poised upon the tips of clusters of aboral spines to Avhich it is joined. Tent-like membrane flexible. There is a central opening in tent-like membrane. Madreporic body hidden and seen by cutting off the covering. Young carried in the groove-formed marsupia extending from the sexual openings to the central orifice. P. militaris.
Hvppasierias. Body with short, stumpy spines. Bright red color; obscurely pentagonal. Aboral plates of uni- form size. II. phrygiana.
Ophiuroidea.
Stellate echinoderms with central disk and long, flex- ible, simple or branched arms. Body markedly separate from the arms. Ventral surface of the arms covered with plates or integument. Stomach and ovaries confined to the disk. No ambulacral suckers; locomotion by spines, hooks and motion of the arms. Viviparous, or young have the form of pluteus.
Rays simple, not branched, ventral plates present.
Ophiuridse.
Rays branched, ventral plates replaced by a leathery skin. Arms capable of infolding about the mouth.
Astrophytidaj.
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND.
65
Ophiuridoe.
Disk circular and tegumentose above, with or without radial plates. No anus. Madreporic body small, or wanting. Arms simple, with aboral, lateral and ventral plates. Ambulacra! plates hidden under the ventral. Blood system and nerves covered by vential plates ; feet in single rowat edge of the ventral plates, without suckers or ampullae. Motion by jerks. Hermaphrodite or bisex- ual. Young has a free pluteus, or adult viviparous. Genital slits large.
Ophiqpholis. Disk with small spines. Teeth. No teeth papillae. Arm-spines flat, stout, arranged on the side plates. Color generally brownish- red. Primary plates in brachial and in- terbrachial regions. Young, pluteus.
O. aculeata. Ophioylypha. Disk with crowded, nak- ed, distorted scales. Radial shields swol- len. Arm-spines few (three). Tentacle scales numerous. Color gray with light bands on the arms, also yellowish. Probably viviparous.
O. Sarsii.
Amphiura. Disk small, delicate, with naked overhanging scales. Arms slender. Arm-spines short. Arms four and one-half times the diameter of body. Color brown. Vi- vinarous. *x* SQWCitiicicoi*
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 5
OPHIOPHOLIS.
QG
CCELENTERATA AND
Astrqphytidce. Disk and arms with thick scaleless skin. Radial shields
extend to centre of disk, forming elevated radial ribs.
Arms branched many times. No arm-spines except at tip
of branchlets, where there are microscopic booklets. Arms folded ventrally. Radial ribs yellow ; in- terbrachial region brown or red. Radial ribs with short conical spines. In- terbrachial region of disk smooth or with short spines. Ventral plates replaced by integument. Gorgonocejjhalus Agas-
GORGONOCEPHALUS. SIZll .
ECHINOIDEA.
Body cylindrical, disk-shaped, without arms. Calcare- ous, inflexible, composed of immovable plates. Apical area with anus or destitute of same. Ovarian openings, eye-spots and madreporic body around the apical area. Locomotion by suckers and spines. Five double rows of ambulacral and five rows of inter-ambulacral plates. The teeth are highly specialized into an apparatus called the Aristotle's lantern. Pedicellarire pedunculated, tri-
fid.
I. Echinoids. Body spherical with ambulacral zones equal in length, unmodified from apical to oral region. Aristotle's lantern. Development with pluteus. Ovaries
five.
II. Glypeastroids. Body flat, disk-shaped ; ambula- cral openings on the aboral surface, modified into five pairs
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 67
of petaloid openings. Anus on edge of disk. Aristotle's lantern. Development with pluteus. Ovaries five.
III. Spatangoids. Body swollen, globular, elongated. Amhulaeral zones of different lengths, and more or less modified mouth and vent asymmetrical. No Aristotle's lantern. Development with pluteus. Ovaries four.
Echinoids.
Arbacia. Body globose ; vent and mouth opposite ; two kinds of spines, the larger few in number; color pur- ple. Anus closed by four triangular plates. Pluteus with two lateral anal rods.
A. punclulata, Lam.
STKONGYLOCENTROTUS.
Strongylocentrotus. Body globose ; anus and mouth op- posite. Spines of one kind, short, small, greenish color.
68
COELENTERATA AND
Apical area with irregular plates. Pluteus without anal rods.
S. Drobachiensis. Clypeaslroids. Echinarachnius. Body nearly circular, very flat with sharp, entire margin. Vent close to edge. Petaloid re-
^#•3^ ^
ECHINARACHNIUS.
gion marked. Spines small, short, brown or reddish color. Pluteus without anal rods.
E. parma. /Spalangoids.
Schizaster. Body heart-shaped, irregular, oval with avenues on the upper surface. Mouth asymmetrical. Test thin, fragile. Ambulacral zones depressed and petaloid. Pluteus with single median calcareous rod on the anal lobe.
S. frag ills.
ECHINODEKMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 69
HOLOTHURIOIDE A .
Body elongate, vermiform with oral and anal openings at opposite poles of the animal. Skin leathery often cov- ered with scales, sometimes spinous, often with embedded spicides or anchors. Amhnlacral suckers wanting or'pres- ent. When the latter are present, in three to five rows.
With suckers Pedata.
Without suckers Apoda.
Pedata. Gucumaria. Suckers in five regular rows, alternate in each row, closely oppressed. Tentacles ten. Dental ap- paratus.
C. frondosa. Lophothuria. Suckers in three rows and on one side which forms a soft foot. Other ambulacral furrows rudi- mentary -, absent. Body covered with scales. Tentacles ten.
L. Fdbricii. Thy one. Body with scattered wart-like suckers. Ten- tacles ten. Teeth filamentous.
T. scabra.
elongata.
Apoda.
Caudina. Body long, whitish without suckers, pro- longed into a long appendage at one end (anal). No "respiratory tree."
C arena ta. Leptosynapta. Body vermiform, long, transparent. No suckers. No jaws. Tentacles long, divided into finger- like branches. Respiratory tree.
L. Girardii.
Larvaz of Ediinoderms. The larvae of New England Echinoderms are either car- ried by the mother or tree-swimming. The development
70 CCELENTERATA AND
is either direct (without metamorphosis) or indirect. The larvae of the free-swimming kind are as follows :
A. With long flexible ciliated arms. Transparent.
Brachiolaria.
B. With long inflexible ciliated arms. Each arm with calcareous axis Plnteus.
C. No arms, with rounded prominences, not ciliated, bright red, opaque False pupa.
D. No arms, barrel-shaped, girt by parallel bands of cilia Pupa.
E. No arms, with irregular lines or bands of cilia. No eye-spots.
1. Single convoluted band about mouth.
Young Brachiolaria.
2. Double convoluted band non -continuous.
Auricularia.
A. Brachiolaria.
The Brachiolaria is the young of the star-fish, Asterias. It has a bilateral arrangement of lon«* flexible arms. Transparent, slightly pigmented arms. With large open mouth, oesophagus and intestine. Elongated water-tube on each side of stomach. Dorsal pore. Young star-fish appears on left water-tube at or near region of stomach.
B. Pluteus.
1. Pluteus with two arms, very long . Ophiopholis.
2. Pluteus with anal arms Arbacia.
3. Pluteus with epaulettes . . Strongylocentrotus.
4. Pluteus without epaulettes . . Echinarachnius. The pluteus is the larval condition of the Ophiuroidea
and Echinoidea. It is distinguished by the possession of calcareous axes in the arms.
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND.
71
1. The adult pluteus of Ophiopholis has two arms very much longer than the others.
2. The pluteus of Arbacia has eight oral and two anal arms. No other New England pluteus has the two anal arms as far as known.
3. The pluteus of Strongylocentrotus has eight oral arms and epaulettes, ciliated appendages formed by the outgrowth of the ciliated chords at the angle of the junc- tion of the arms (larger) with the body.
PLUTEUS OF OPHIOPHOLIS.
4. The pluteus of Echinarachnius is without epaulettes, with eight arms, six of which bear marked pigment spots near their extremities.
C. False pupa. The false pupa is probably a young of Lophothuria. It is globular, bright red in color, opaque, with a cluster of knobs at one pole and two knobs on one side. The former develop into the tentacles of the adult, the latter into feet ot the soft foot-like region of the body.
72 CCELENTERATA AND
D. Pupa. A pupa has been found at Newport which is referred to Leptosynapta. Body, barrel-shaped, girt by rows of cilia in bands. Mouth at one extremity and tentacles seen through the body walls. Calcareous deposits in the walls under the ciliated bands. The young of this pupa is an Auricularia.
|
v |
-f |
"1 |
\ \ \ |
c |
|
\ |
1 1 |
') / 1 |
||
|
YOUNG |
OF AMPHIUBA. |
Attached young. The young of the following New England genera of Echinoderms are attached, borne on the mother or have an indirect development.
ECHINODERMATA OF NEW ENGLAND. 73
OPHIURANS.
Amp/dura squamata.
This species is hermaphrodite and the young reach a stellate form before they leave the parent. Provisional spines corresponding to the plutean spines are developed, to be later lost.
Ophioglypha Sarsii. Said to be viviparous?
ASTEROIDS.
Larva with club-shaped, opaque larval body carried about the mouth. Color, white or brownish.
Leplasterias. Larva without club-shaped body. Color, bright red, carried in a pouch made by an infolding of the mouth.
Cribrella. Larva carried in pouches between a tent-like covering on the back and the back (aboral) region of the adult.
Pterasler. No Echinoid found in New England is known to have a direct development.
Asterina.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 5*
GENERAL DIRECTIONS.
As will be noticed, the preceding pages are almost wholly devoted to means and methods of collecting, and identify- ing unknown Ccelenterata and Echinodermata when they are found. It likewise seems appropriate in an article of this nature to aid the collector by approaching the subject from a somewhat different side. Where shall one go, and how collect certain of these animals the systematic posi- tion and name of which are known? Information as to the locality where any desirable genus of these groups can lie found without failure, and hints as to special methods to be followed in procuring it may also with advantage form a part of this work. Teachers desiring for instance a supply of star-fishes or sea-urchins for class instruction might regard it a help if some information be imparted in this direction. Hints as to how to procure certain typi- cal larval forms may also not be out of place here.
I have therefore chosen a few available types from each group, and endeavored to oiler suggestions as to modes of collecting and places to be visited, which rarely fail to reward the collector.
Some of the Ccelenterata and Echinodermata are grega- rious ; others live apart more or less isolated. The time and place of the appearance of nomadic animals are not con- stant, and no rule can be laid down which will be sure to guide one in the collecting of such "•en era. Moreover, the home of many may vary in different months, and even (74)
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 75
some of the sedentary genera may retire to deep water in certain seasons. Except that one might mention a local- ity where he had collected them, it is next to impossible to direct a collector to a place where the large majority can always he found without failure.
Among the Hydrozoa the problem of habitat is perhaps more difficult to solve than among the other groups. Most of the free genera are so sporadic in their appear- ance that it is difficult to say where one should go on any fixed date, and not be prepared for failure. The places where these have been taken are so widely spread along our coast that they may be said to occur anywhere along the shore, but for the great majority of nomadic genera there is great uncertainty that at any definite time they can be found in numbers at any one of these places. With the fixed hydroids it is however different, on account of the nature of their habitat.
The several genera of fixed hydroids prefer as a general thing a rocky bottom just below low-tide mark. Their favorite habitats are rocky cliffs exposed to the sea, or quiet pools left by the retreating tide. They are also fond of the fronds of Laminaria and Fucus, buoys and submerged parts of wharves and landing stages. The bottoms of boats which have been continuously in the water for some time are often covered with these animals. Although the majority are to be found in these and similar places there are a few which are attached to the sand or live in the mud.
Clava lejjlos/i/la, which may be taken as an available type of the so-called Tubularian hydroids can always be found at low tide on the small ledge of rocks near Beverly Bridge. This locality I have repeatedly visited for the purpose of collecting Clava, and have never been disap- pointed in obtaining a large number. It is found attached to the Fucus which hangs from these rocks into the water.
76 GENEEAL DIRECTIONS.
Tubularia indivisa can always be found at low tide clinging in clumps to the piles' of Beverly Bridge, just be- low low-water mark. With it are associated great num- bers of Campanulariae and Obelias.
If one wishes the common Sertularia (S. pumila), one of the best collecting places for this most common hydroid is Kevere Beach at low tide. Almost every fragment of Laminaria or "oarweed"' washed up after a storm will be found to be peopled with this delicate species. It is more- over common at all times of the year.
The shells of Lunatia inhabited by the so-called hermit crab are favorite habitats for Hydractinia ecJtincda, but it is also found encrusting submarine objects, floating logs, water-soaked ropes, and the under surface of buoys.
I am not acquainted with a single loealit\r which will al- ways reward the collector with numerous specimens of the different genera of Ctenophoraand Siphonophora, although it is safe to say that a few weeks at Eastport with constant examination of the water about the wharves will probably reveal a limited number of specimens of Beroe and Bo- lina, and possibly an unexpected multitude of JVaiioiuia cava.
I have found the ebb tide at the "draw" at Beverly Bridge to sometimes bring down many large examples of the acraspidote medusa, Aurelia flavidula, but as with all floating jelly-fishes no locality can be mentioned where it can be found without failure in quantities. Cyanea arc- tica may sometimes be seen by the score about the Boston docks and near the bridges, yet many visits to these places might be made without seeing a single specimen. Dacty- lometra and Callinema are rare Acraspeda.
Our most common Actinian, A. marginata, can always be collected in abundance on the piles of Beverly Bridge. This is one of the most easily obtained of all of our ma-
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 77
rine animals, and can be had in quantity in every month of the year. As it is very hardy it can readily be trans- ported alive, and kept in good condition for some time in the class room.
Aleyonoids are as a rule not gregarious and must be ob- tained by dredging. I can recommend for some of the genera of this group the broken shelly and clay bottom half-way between Eastport and Campobello. One or two of the genera attach themselves by preference to the inte- rior of broken Mytilus shells, but they are rarely found in multitudes, although at a single haul of the dredge at the place mentioned I have often taken more than a dozen.
Echinoderms are found on rocky or clay bottoms, in sand, among broken shells and in the coralline zone, from moderate depths to the line of low tide. Among the Oph- iuroidea, Oj)hioj)/iolis aculeata can always be found just below low tide at Nahant. It is a habit of this and some other genera of snake-stars to avoid the light, so that one must search for them under stones and in the crannies and crevices of rocks or similar secluded places. If a large number of Ophiopholis is desired, a visit to Clarke's ledge, Eastport, will reward the collector with as many as he can well take care of.
The best grounds for collecting Gorgonocephalm Agas- sizii are the Race off Race Point, Provincetown, and the Channel at Eastport off the Old Friar, Campobello, but this genus can never be found in shore collecting. The genus is gregarious.
Asterias, the common star-fish, is found in abundance in many localities. A visit to Beverly Bridge, Revere Beach or Nahant, is sure to reward the collector with at least a few. If one wishes a larger number, Eastport, or best of all Grand Manan will be more profitable. Cribrella, like most of the other star-fishes, prefers a rocky bottom, but
78 GENERAL DIRECTIONS.
occurs at times on a sandy shore. Crossaster is a rare star- fish and no assurance can be given as to the certainty of finding it in numbers in any single locality. Razor Island, Eastport, almost always contributes a few specimens of Pteraster and Ctenodiscus to the dredge. The latter genus can be dredged in abundance off Treat's Island, Salem.
Decaying meat or fish is a good decoy for many Echi- noderms, especially star-fishes and sea-urchins, and when a box is baited with this and left over a tide under water these scavengers are generally found collected in it.
The Echinoids make their homes on both rocky and sandy bottoms. If one wishes a large number of Stron- gylocentroti he will find them almost anywhere along the Maine and Massachusetts coast where there is a rocky shore. At low tide at Grand Manan one can gather them by hun- dreds and the sea bottom of the littoral zone is there paved with these animals at certain points. The largest area which I have ever seen covered with these animals is near Mr. Cheeney's house at the Point, Nantucket Island, Grand Manan, but it is also very common at Eastport and farther south.
Echinaraclinius parma prefers sand as a dwelling place. It can be dredged in great numbers off Revere Beach, in Provincetown Harbor and off Ipswich Beach. The chan- nel which separates Nantucket from the main island of the Grand Manan group is a very profitable dredging ground for these animals. The Cove at Eastport and the adjoin- ing beach afford a sheltered habitat for this genus.
The Holothurioidea live on gravelly, clayey or rocky bottoms, and some genera prefer to burrow in the sand.
Pentacta frondom lives in numbers in the Eastport waters and can be dredged a half mile from the wharf. Indian Island is a profitable place to visit for this species
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 79
for in the waters near by it is more common than else- where. The days following a violent storm almost cer- tainly find Revere Beach strewn with multitudes of Gau- dina arenaia. Leptosynapta is abundant in the littoral zone in front of the large hotel at the Point of Pines, but it must be dug out of the sand for it lives buried in the beach. I have never discovered a good locality where more than a few specimens of Cucumaria can be found on a single collecting trip.
A few special hints in regard to collecting ova and younger larval stages may have some value.
A means of obtaining the free Medusae of the Hydroida is to keep the attached hydroid in an aquarium until the zooids are dropped. In that way, if successful, a large number of individuals may be obtained, but the collector must be prepared to meet with many failures, for most of the hydroids are not hardy, and the laws1 which determine the time when individual hydroids mature their zooids are not easily formulated. Obelia, Campanularia, Syncoryne, and Clvtia are good genera to use in endeavors to raise the zooids.
Artificial fecundation may in some cases be resorted to for an abundant supply of the young of several of the New England Coelenterata and Echinodermata. While it will probably be found that a majority of the genera com- posing these groups can be successfully reared in this way, up to the present time only a lew have been experimented upon with satisfactory results.
lVarious circumstances probably retard or accelerate the rate of growth of the young of the Coelenterata and Echinodermata. One of the most important is, pos- sibly, difference of temperature. As the temperature rises Ophiopholis eggs ma- ture more rapidly, and pass through their segmentation and larval conditions more quickly, and the same may also be the case with many other genera. Various other conditions, as amount of food, also have an important influence on the time of ov- ulation and the rate of growth of larvae, so that until these facts are better known it is not possible to understand completely the laws governing periodicity of ovu- lation and growth.
80 GENERAL DIRECTIONS.
Possibly the best success in this line has been with the Echiiioderais. Echinarachnius is a good genus from which to obtain a series of larvae by artificial fertilization. The sexes are distinct, male and female sexual glands being found in different individuals. While it is not always possible to determine the sex by external coloration, an examination of the interior just under the middle of the upper side will easily betray it. To artificially fertilize Echinarachnius the observer may first make a ring-shaped incision through the aboral calcareous wall allowing the animal meanwhile to remain in the water. Carefully re- move the incised portion, and suck up in a pipette a few fragments of the dark red organs which lie just about the apex. Place these in a watch crystal tilled with pure water, and if the fragments thus transferred contain ova they will soon give up little transparent globules dotted with bright red spots. The ovaries are dark red, and the sper- maries white or yellow.
When a larger quantity of ova is desired, place the fe- male Echinarachnius in a small dish, glass preferred, and with gentle streams of water from the pipette wash out the small globular eggs with care, and then remove the Echinarachnius and larger fragments of the ovary which may have been ruptured from the gland. Then suck up a small quantity of the white fluid from the male Echina- rachnius into the pipette and place it in the watch crystal or dish with the ova. Stir the mixture gently and set aside for an hour and a half at which time, if the process has been a success, the ova will begin to segment. The young plutei can be easily reared from these eggs in great quan- tities, but care must be taken to change the water at least every two days. It is also well to pick out any fragments of sexual glands which may befoul the liquid.
A limited number of Amphiura young may be collected in August and September, possibly in other months, in the
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 81
following way. If a gravid specimen is kept in the aqua- ria a short time the young may crawl out through the genital slits and will then be found in the jar in which the adult is kept. If it is desirable to hasten the parturition the top of the disk of the parent may be removed and then the young washed out gently with a pipette from the sacs in which they are formed.
The young of Pteraster must be searched for in the grooves on the back covered by the tent-like membrane which is stretched from the tips of the spine ; those of Leptasterias may be found attached near the mouth.
Asterias may be artificially fertilized and ova collected in numbers by a method similar to that described for Echi- narachnius. Strongylocentrotus and Arbacia can also be treated with success by the same method.
It may happen in surface fishing that a large number of Ccelenterata and Echinoderm larvre may be taken with the dip net in the method described under the use of that in- strument. This method of collecting, however, does not yield the numbers, except in exceptionally good fishing that one can obtain by keeping the adults in confinement until the eggs are dropped or impregnated by artificial methods.
The collecting of young Ccelenterata and Echinoder- mata with the dip net to till out a series has one among many advantages. From the fact that there is a slight variation in the time of ovulation, larval stages of marine animals in all conditions of growth may often be fished out of the sea in the same excursion. It thus happens that, for instance, in the case of the star-fish one may find the stages of growth from the youngest gastrula to the brachi- olaria in the same collecting trip. By the method of col- lecting with a dip net it is thus possible to obtain more
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 6
82 GENERAL DIRECTIONS.
hardy1 specimens of older stages which sometimes through various causes have lost their vitality when raised in con- finement.
The time of the year which is hest suited for collecting depends closely upon the genera desired. For shore col- lecting and dredging, all the summer months are equally good depending on the state of the weather. Sedentnry genera are not sensitive to the various conditions of winds, calms, tides, and other influences. With floating marine animals and the various larval forms of most sedentary genera the problem is somewhat different. Their appear- ance and abundance vary2 from month to month and from year to year. It is difficult to say what month of the sum- mer is best for collecting larval Ccelenterata and Echino- dermata. The strong autumnal winds blow to the shore a large number of floating genera, but the number of quiet days in each month when these approach the surface of the water is limited. In midsummer months the weather is less boisterous and opportunities to capture animals are greater. My experience has taught me that August and September are more profitable for collecting floating genera than June and July. There is, of course, a connection
iFor seme reason unknown to me some larvae after having been raised through a number of early conditions invariably die, and new Ashing lias to be resorted to lor more advanced stages. This is no doubt in most instances due to imperfect aeration of the water, neglect to provide proper food, or lack of proper care. The treatment of larvae in confinement must vary more or less with the different genera.
2The periodicity in the time of the appearance is by no means constant. In some years great multitudes of certain medusae appear day after day, and on a subsequent year not a single individual will appear. On my fir^t visit to Grand Man an thousands of the beautiful Siphonophoie, Nanomia cam were seen every- where in the water so that they literally clogged my drag net. Suddenly, how- ever, these all disappeared and in succeeding years in the same months I did not see a single individual. Every naturalist can probably mention similar equally remarkable instances of ihe sporadic appearance of some genus of marine life, and I am not familiar with any satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon.
GENERAL DIRECTIONS, 83
with the time of ovulation for many genera east their ova throughout the summer, although the ovulation of a ma- jority is probably in the spring. Violent winds interfere with dredging and drive most of the floating life far below the surface. The early morning generally gives the smooth- est water and at that time the sea often has a glassy calm which is most advantageous for the capture of many genera. Night collecting is claimed by many to yield the greatest number and variety of floating life.
The ever-increasing interest in the study of the marine surface fauna renders it timely that observations be re- corded and tables be prepared containing the dates when pelagic larvae of different genera can best be collected in some well-known locality. It would, to mention one of the advantages of a table collated from such observations, be of great help if anyone desirous of studying these ani- mals could accurately know when the larvae or adults with ova are most likely to be found, and could regulate his visit to the seashore by the information thus afforded. In some of the older marine zoological stations in Europe this has been done either in the form of card catalogues or published faunal lists with dates and places of capture.
It has been shown that there is a pronounced periodicity in the occurrence of these larvae, and year after year an abundance of marine larvae is looked for in certain months and at no other time.
It is not in the scope of this paper to consider why this is so, and if it were the author has many doubts whether any- one is familiar with enough data to suggest any satisfactory explanation for it. Continued observation for a number of years is necessary to arrive at any trustworthy conclusion, and it is desirable to gather statistics enough to justify gen- eral conclusions in regard to the probable time when larvae can best be obtained for study. Most of the observations
84 GENEEAL DIRECTIONS.
on the time of the appearance of pelagic animals have been made in the summer months and very little is known of the genera characteristic of winter months. Our rigorous climate, however, does not invite collecting at that time and probably very little embryological work could be suc- cessfully carried on in the colder months. Of the life which I have collected in midwinter by surface fishing, larvae and young form a very small proportion of the whole.
Every collector has his own preference for the best place to visit to collect marine animals, and it is not strange that it generally corresponds with the place which he has most often visited. I have worked at only a few stations in New England and am no doubt prejudiced in their fa- vor. The wealth of floating life at Newport is the greatest known to me on the New England coast, but in the few excursions I have made at Wood's Holl, it has seemed to me that there was little difference in the amount of float- ing life in the two places.
For dredging, however, neither of these places can com- pare with Eastport and Grand Manan. The latter place is a paradise for the collector of Ccelenterata and Echino- dermata. Several circumstances combine to make it such. The enormous tides which sweep around the islands lay bare a littoral zone of great breadth. They also, since their volume is so great, bring a large number of floating animals from deep water. " The opportunities for work at Grand Manan with the dip-net in the study of free- swimming animals are very great. The student of these forms of life is particularly recommended to visit the so- called "ripplings" or tide eddies, several miles from the shore, near the line where the platform of the islands sinks to the deeper sounding of the Bay of Fundy. These ed- dies are favorite feeding places of many marine animals,
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 85
from the whale to the minute Medusae and Crustacea, and at a proper time of the tide afford most profitable collect- ing places." The distance from the shore and the diffi- culty of access are the only drawbacks, but if possible they should be visited by every collector who is interested in the collecting of marine life in its natural habitat. A world for investigation here awaits the attention of the naturalist.
An advantage in working at Grand Manan is the ease with which delicate marine animals can be kept alive in small aquaria for a considerable time. The water is very cold and the change in temperature not as sudden as in more southern parts of New England. My experience has been that the difficulty in keeping the water in small glass vessels used for aquaria at an even temperature with that of the bay is not as great in northern New England stations as in southern and the consequent danger of mor- tality is lessened. The constant fogs, however, are draw- backs which limit the number of days when collecting can be prosecuted. The small island of Nantucket1 of the Grand Manan group is most favorably situated for a lab- oratory or for a point from which to reach the different collecting grounds.
The reader is reminded that there is no one locality on our coast where all the genera here recorded can be col- lected. Marine animals have their homes which are limited by as sharply drawn lines as those of any forms of organic life. Continued research on the facies of the New England marine fauna indicates the existence of con- ditions on the coast which separate the northern from
1 Grand Manan had on my visits a tri-weekly communication with Eastport by a small steamer. Eastport can be reached from Boston by the steamers of the In- ternational line, also called the St. John's steamers. There is a daily stage from Nortli Head, the landing place of the steamer from Eastport to Grand Manan, to Woodward's Cove, which is near Nantucket island. Comfortable accommodations can be had at Mr. Cheuey's home on the island.
86 GENERAL DIRECTIONS.
the southern faunas by a line of demarcation of the most rigid character. The coast of Maine and Massachusetts bay is bathed by a cold Arctic ocean current which is re- placed south of Cape Cod by warmer water. Although several genera straggle from one zone into the other, the majority are limited to their homes by this powerful climatic influence. Hence it is that one may expect to find a great difference in the marine life of Narragansett Bay and that of the Bay of Fundy, and while I have at- tempted to consider both in this article even the best of collecting places will not yield more than a small propor- tion of the genera considered. That part of my work which deals with floating life and with larval forms is nec- essarily very incomplete.
LIST OF C03LENTERATA AND ECHINODERMATA FOUND IN NEW ENGLAND.
In the accompanying list I have mentioned the majority of the genera and species of Ccelenterates and Echinoderms which occur in New England waters. It is believed that this list includes the more com- mon species of these animals which the teacher is liable to coilect on his excursions. The identification of the majority of the animals of the list will, it is hoped, be facilitated by a knowledge of the generic and specific differentiation indicated by the diagnosis which is given of the more common types.
HYDROZOA. Hydroidea. Acaulis primarius Stimpson. Antennularia Kirsch.
Aglaophenia arborea (Desor) Blastothela rosea Verrill.
Verrill. Bougainvillea superciliaris Ag.
Note.— The figures of Modeeria ( Tarritopsis), Zandea and Cunina. in the preced- ing pages were originally published in works by the author from drawings loaned him by Dr. A. Agassiz; that of Acaulis from drawings by Prof. A.Hyatt. To these naturalists and to all others to whom the writer is indebted, in the prepa- ration of ihis Aid, the writer takes t'ds cccasion to express his appreciations of his obligation, and his sincere thanks.
APPENDIX.
87
Calycopsis typa Fewkes. Calycella plicntilis Hincks. " humilis Hincks. " products G. 0. Sars. " pygmaa Hincks. " syringa Hincks. Campanularia caliculata Hincks. Campanularia flexuosa Hincks. " fragilis Hincks.
" neglecta Hincks.
Campanulina acuminata Alder. Claducarpus cornuivs Verrill. " spectabilis Verrill.
Puurtaltsii Verrill. Clytia bicopliora Ag. Clytia intermedia Ag. " cylindrica Ag. " Johnstoni Hincks. Cladonema radiatum Dujardin. Clavatella Hincks. Clava leptostyla Ag. Clavida vesicaria Verrill. Corymorpha nutans Sars. Coryne (Gaertner). Cunina discoicles Fewkes. Cuspidella costata Hincks. " humilis Hincks. Dicoryne flexuosa G. O. Sars. Diphasia fallax Ag. " rosacea Ag. " mirabilis Verrill. Dinematella cavosa Fewkes. Dipurena strangulata McCr. Dysmorphosa fulgurans A. Ag. Ectopic ura ochracea A. Ag. Eucheilota ventricularis McCr. Eudendrium ramosmn Ehr. " - dispar Ag. " rameuni Johnston. " cingulatum Stimp. " capillare Alder. " tenue A. Ag. Extphysa virgulata A. Ag. Eutima gracilis Fewkes. Filellum (see Reticularia) Hincks.
Gemmaria getnmosa McCr. Grammaria abietina Sars. Globiceps tiarella (McCr.) Ayres. Gonothryrea hyalina Hincks. " Lovenii Allinan.
" gracilis Allinan.
Gonothryrea tenuis Clark. Ilalcpsis cruciata A. Ag. " ocellata A. Ag. Hydrallmania falcata Hincks. Hydractinia echinata Johnston. Hybocodon prolifer Ag. Halecium gracile Verrill. Halecium articulosum Clark. " Beanii Johnston. " muricntum Johnston. Hydrichthys mirus Fewkes. Lafcea pocillitm Hincks.
" dumosa Sars.
" grandis Hincks. Lafcea robusta Verrill. Lafcea fruticosa Sars. Lafcea gracillima Sars. Leptoscyphus Allman. Liriope scutigera McCr. Lizzia octopuuctata Forbes. Lovenella gracilis Clark. Lytocarpia myriphvlhtm Kirch. Mabella gracilis Fewkes. Melicertum campanula Esch. Modeeria (Turritopsis) multiten-
taculata Fewkes. Myriothela phrygia Sars. Nemopsis Bachei Ag. Obelia gelatinosa McCr. Obelia ftabellata Hincks.
" diaphana Allman.
" geniculata Hincks.
" polygena (A. Ag.)
" parasitica (A. Ag.)
" pyrifurniis (A. Ag.)
" fnsiformis (A. Ag.)
" dichotoma Hincks.
" longissima Hincks. Oceania languida Ag.
88
APPENDIX.
Opercularella lacerata Hincks. Opliiodes mirabilis Hincks. Parypha crocea Ag. Pennaria gibbosa Ag. Perigonimus Sars. Podocoryne carnea Sars. Ttychogena lactea A. Ag. Plumularia Verrillii Clark. Betictdaria serpens (Filelhim ser- pens) Hincks. Bhizogeton fusiformis A g. Sarsia mirabilis (see Syncoryne)
Ag. Salacia robusta Hincks. Sertularia abietina Lin.
" Jilicula Lin.
Sertularia argentea Ellis & Sol. S- argentea, var. divaricata Chirk. Sertularia latiuscula Stiinp.
" cupressina Lin.
" pumila Lin. Serlularella tricuspidata Hincks.
" rugosa Gray.
S. polyzonias var. gigantea Hincks. Sertularella Gayi Gray? Stauridium Dujardin. Staurophora laciniata Ag. Stomobrachium tentaculatum Ag. Syncoryne mirabilis Alhn. Syncoryne reticulatum (A. Ag ). Stomatoca apicata Ag. Thamnocnida spectabilis Ag.
" tenella A<j.
Thaumantias Eschscholtz. Tiaropsis diademata Ag. Tima Bairdii Ag. Tubularia indivisa Lin. Tubularia Cmithouyi Ag.
" stellifera Couth.
Tubiclava cornucopice Norm. Thuiaria articulata Flem. Trnchynema digitalis A. Ag. Turris episcopalis Fevvkes. Willia ornata, McCr. Zygodactyla Grosulandica Ag. Zanclea (see Grammaria) Gegeu-
baur.
Sertularella polyzonias Gray.
SIPHONOPHORA.
Asalmoides elegans Eewkes. Nanomia cara A. Ag.
Diphyes sp. Pliysalia arethusa Til.
Diplophysa inermis Gegenbaur. Porpita sp.
Eudoxia Lessonii Huxley. Velella mutica Esch.
ACRASPEDA.1
Aurelia flavidula Per. et Les. Cyanea arctica Per. et Les.
Calliuema ornata Verrill. Dactylometra quinquecirra A. Ag.
To these are allied the Lucernaridae for which the reader is referred to H. J. Clark and E. Haeckel, System der Medusen. Haliclystns auricula Clark. Lucernaria quadricornis Mull.
Ilalinocyathus platypus Clark. Manania auricula Clark.
CTENOPHORA.
Beroe roseola (Ag.). Mertensia ovum Mdrch.
Bolina alata Ag. Mnemiopsis Leidyi A. Ag.
Lesueuria hypoptera A. Ag. Pleurobrachia rhododactyla Ag.
'This group has been known by several names of wbich Discophora and Scy- pliomedusffi may be mentioned. At the present time the latter is thought by some naturalists to be the best name for the group.
APPENDIX.
89
ACTINOZOA.
Acanella Normani Vorr. Acanthogorgia armata Verrill. Alcyoninin rubiforme Ehr.?
" carneum Ag.
Anthothela insignis Verrill. Balticina Finmarchica Gray.
VLCYONOIDA.
Cornulariella modesta Verrill. Paragorgia arborea Edw. & Haim. Paramuricea borealis Verrill. Pennatula aculeata Dan. Primnoa reseda Verrill. Virgularia Ljungmanni K611.
Actinoloba marginata
& Haim. Astrangia Dana? Agassiz. Bolocera Tuedias Gosse. Caryopbyllia borealis (Mosely). Cereantlins borealis Verrill. Deltocyathns Agassizii Pourtales. Edwardsia sipunculoides Stimp.
" lineata Verrill.
ACTINOIDA.
Edw. Epizoanthus Goodei Verrill.
Flabellvm angulare Mosely. llyantlms Icevis Verrill. Lopliohelia prolifera Edw.
Haim. Philomednsa parasitica (Verr.) Tealia nodosa (Fabr.). " crassicornis.
ECHINODERMATA.
HO LOTH UKIOIDEA.
Caudina arenata Stimp. Cbirodota L*eve Grnbe. Cncnmaria frondosa Jaeg. Leptosynapta Girardii Verrill. Lophotlmria Fabricii Verrill.
" sqnamata Verrill.
Molpadia oolitica Pourt. Molpadia turgida Verrill. Pentncta minuta (Fabr.). Verrill. Pentacta calcigera Stimp.
Pentacta assimilis (Dub. & Kor)
Verrill. Psolus pliantapus Oken.
" regalis Verrill. Stereoderma unisemita Ayres. Thyone seabra Verrill.
" elongata (Ayres) Verrill. Thyonidium hyalinum (Forbes)
Norm. Thyonidium prodiictum Stimp.
ECHINOIDKA.
Arbacia punctulata Lam. Strongylocentrotus Drobachien-
Echinaraclinius parma Gray. sis A. Ag.
Schizaster fragilis Dan. & Kor.
ASTEROIDEA.
Asterias vulgaris Stimp. Asterias polaris (Mull. & Tros.)
Asterias Forbesii Verrill. Verrill.
Asterias stellionvra Perrier. Asterina borealis Verrill.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXHI
6*
90 APPENDIX.
Cribrella sanguineolenta Liitk. Leptasterias compta (Stimp.) Ver-
Ctenodiscus crispatus Dan. & Kor. rill.
Crossaster papposus Mull, and ffippasterias phrygiana Agassiz.
Troschel. Pteraster militaris Mull. &Trosch. Leptasterias tenera (Stimp.) Ver-
rill.
OPHIUKOIDEA.
AmpMura squamata Lyman. Ophiacantha bidentata Ljung.
Amphiura tenuispina Ljung. Ophioglypha Sarsii Lym.
Gorgonocephalus Agassizii Stimp. Ophiopholis aculeata Gray.
Note.— The author has indicated by italics in the above list several genera and species which cannot be identified by the use of the "Aid." In addition to these there are several others which the author has never seen, and others which more properly belong- to deep water than to the regions indicated for the scope of this article. Kor the introduction of these the author claims the kind indulgence of the reader. Many genera found in very deep water are omitted.
The author's studies of marine animals upon which he has mainly relied in the preparation of this "Aid" were made during his connection witli Dr. A. Agassiz' Marine Laboratory at Newport, R. I., and the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. He takes this opportunity to express his gratitude for the advan- tages afforded him at those places.
He has spent portions of four summers at Eastport and Grand Manan, and made frequent excursions to Provincetown, Beverly Bridge, Chelsea Beach and Ipswich.
A more complete list of the Actinoids and Echinodermata will be found in uVer- rill's List," which has been of great help to the author in the preparation of this Aid, and for which he wishes to express his thanks.
INDEX.
Acanella, 56. Acantliogorgia, 56. Actiniaria, 50. Actinoida, 50. Actinoloba, 51, 76. Actinozoa, 50. Acaulis, 29, 32, 33. Acraspeda, 14, 45.
Agalmoides, 43.
Aglaophenia, 31, 38.
Alcyonacea, 54, 55.
Alcyonium, 55.
Amphiura, 65, 73
Anteunularia, 31, 38.
Antliotliela, 56.
Arbacia, 70, 71.
Asterias, 62.
Asteroidea, 60, 61.
Asteriua, 64, 73.
Astratigia, 51, 53.
Astrophytidse, 64, 66.
Atliecata, 29.
Aurelia, 46, 47, 48.
Auricularia, 70.
Balticina, 55. Beroe, 48, 50. Bougainvillia, 29, 35. Brachiolaria, 70. Bunodes, 50, 52.
Calicopsis, 14, 20, 27. Callinema, 47, 48. Calycella, 31, 37. Calycophorse, 41. Canipaimlaria, 30, 36. Campanulina, 31, 36. Caudina, 69. Cereanthus, 51, 53. Cladonema, 30, 35. Clava, 33, 75. Clavatella, 29. Clypeastroids, 66.
Clytia, 15. 23, 28, 30, 36.
Ccelenterata, 11.
Corymorpha, 29, 33.
Cory ne, 30.
Cribrella, 62, 73.
Crinoidea, 60.
Crossaster, 63.
Ctenodiscus, 64.
Ctenophoni, 14, 48.
Cucumaria, 6'.'.
Cunina, 39, 86.
Cnspidella, 31.
Cyanea, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 76.
Dactylometra, 45, 46, 47, 48. Deltocyathus, 54. Dinematella, 14, 17, 26. Diphasia, 31, 38. Diphyes, 42. Diplophysa, 45. Dipurena, 14, 18, 27. Dysmorphosa, 14, 20, 27.
Echinarachnius, 68, 70, 71 Echinodermata, 57. Echinoids, 66, 67. Ecbinoidea, 61, 66. Ectopleura, 14, 18, 27, 29. Edwardsia, 51, 53. Ephyrae, 47, 48. Eucbeilota, 15, 24, 28. Eudendriiini, 29, 34. Eudoxia, 45. Eutima, 15, 25, 28.
False pupa, 70, 71. Eilellum, 31, 37. Flabellum, 54.
Gonothryraea, 30, 36. Gorgonacea, 54, 55. Gorgonocephalus, 66. Gramraaria, 37.
(91)
92
INDEX.
Halecium, 30, 36. Hippasterias, 64. Holothuiioidea, 61, 69. Hybocodon, 14, 15, 26. Hydractinia, 29, 33, 76. Hydrichthys, 30, 35. Hydroida, 13. Hydrozoa, 12.
Ilyanthus, 51,53.
Lafoea, 31, 37. Leptasterias, 62, 73. Leptoscyphus, 37. Leptosynapta, 69. Liriope, 39. 41. Lizzia, 15, 21, 27, 37. Lophohelia, 51. Lophothuria, 69. 71. Lovenella, 30. 36. Lucernafia, 47.
Mabella, 15, 22,28. Madreporaria, 53. Melicertum, 15, 22, 28. Metridium, 50. Mnennopsis, 49, 50. Modeeria, 14, 20, 27, 87. M onopliyes, 45. Muggisea, 45.
Nanoinia, 42. Nemopsis, 15, 20, 27.
Obelia, 15, 22, .28, 30, 36. Oceania, 15, 23, 28. Opbioglypba, 65. Ophiodes, 30, 35. Ophiopholis, 65, 70, 71. Opbiuridae, 64, 65. Ophiuroidea, 61, 64.
Paragorgia, 56. Paragorgiidse, 55. Paramuricea, 56. Pennaria, 14, 15, 26. Pennatulacese, 54. Pennatula, 55. Pennatulidae, 55. Perigonenius, 29, 35. Philomedusa, 51, 53.
Physalia, 42, 44. Physophorae, 41. Pleurobrachia, 49, 50. Plumularia, 31, 38. Pluteus, 70. Podocoryne, 29. Polythoa, 50, 52. Primnoa, 56, 57. Pteraster, 63, 64, 73. Pupa, 70, 72.
Iihodactinia, 50.
Salacia, 31, 37. Sarsia, 14, 18, 27, 35. Schizaster, 68. Scyphistoma, 47. Sertularella, 31, 37. Sertularia, 31, 38. Siphonophora, 14, 41. Solaster, 63. Spatangoids, 68. Stauridinm, 30, 35. Staurophora, 14, 20, 27. Stomatoca, 14, 16, 26, 35. Strobila, 48.
Strongylocentrotus, 67, 70, 71. Syncoryne, 30, 35.
Tealia,50, 52. Thaumantias, 30, 36. Thecapbora, 30. Tbyone, 69. Tima, 15, 25, 28. Tracbymedusa3, 14, 38. Trachynema, 39. Tubiclava, 29, 33. Tubularia, 29, 33, 76. Tunis, 14, 19, 27.
Urticina, 50, 52.
Velella, 88. Virgularia, 55.
Willia, 15, 22, 27.
Zanclea, 14, 19, 27, 86. Zoanthus, 50. Zygodactyla, 1 5, 26, 28.
'//9f
BULLETIN
ESSEX HTSTITUTB.
Vol. 23. Salem : Apr., May, June, 1891. Nos. 4, 5, 6.
Annual Meeting, May 18, 1891.
The annual meeting was held in Plum me r Hall, this evening at 7.30 o'clock. Vice President A. C. Goodell, jr., in the chair. Mr. Goodell opened the meeting with a few remarks in reference to the absence of Dr. Wheat- land by illness, expressing the hope that the latter might recover his health so as soon to be with us again.
An abstract from the record of the last annual meeting was read.
The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor and Librarian were read, accepted and ordered to be placed on file.
On motion of Prof. D. B. Hagar, it was voted that a copy of the Secretary's report be furnished the Salem newspapers for publication.
The Treasurer, Mr. George D. Phippen,read his twelfth annual report and in presenting it stated that he must de- cline further service as treasurer. Prof. D. B. Hagar of- fered the following vote which passed unanimously :
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 7 (93)
94 THE KETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Voted, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Institute are hereby presented to Mr. George D. Phippen for his long- continued and efficient services as the Treasurer of the In- stitute, with the assurance that those services are pro- foundly appreciated and will long be gratefully remem- bered.
Dr. N. R. Morse made suggestions in reference to some suitable testimonial to Mr. Phippen which was referred to the Board of Directors with power to act.
The committee on nominations reported the following list of officers which was duly elected :
PRESIDENT: HENRY WHEATLAND.
VICE-PRESIDENTS: Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Daniel B. Hagar,
Frederick W. Putnam, Robert S. Rantoul.
SECRETARY: TREASURER:
Henry M. Brooks. William 0. Chapman.
AUDITOR: LIBRARIAN:
George D. Phippen. Charles S. Osgood.
COUNCIL: William H. Gove, S. Endicott Peabody,
Thomas F. Hunt, David Pingree,
David M. Little, Edmund B. Willson,
Richard C. Manning, George M. Whipple,
Edward S. Morse, Alden P. White.
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 95
Report of the Secretary.
Since the last annual meeting there have been twenty- three meetings of the Society and five meetings of the Directors.
Only one Field meeting was held during the last season, and that was at Baker's Island in Salem Harbor on June 28, 1890, by invitation of Dr. N. R. Morse and the man- agers of the Winne-egan House, who furnished the Institute with a bountiful collation, and did all in their power to make the gathering a pleasant one. A meeting was held in the hall of the Winne-egan at 2.30, President Wheatland in the chair. Capt. Geo. M. Whipple was elected Secre- tary pro tern. The speakers on this occasion besides the President who gave an historical sketch of the four early migrations to Salem, were Mr. John H. Sears, who gave some observations on the geological formations of the isl- ands in the harbor, Mr. Cyrus M. Tracy of Lynn, who spoke of their botanical features, and Dr. Geo. A. Bates who spoke of the study of natural history especially in con- nection with the sea. Brief remarks were also made by Rev. James F. Brodie, Dr. N. R. Morse and Mr. W. S. Nevins, the latter offering a vote of thanks to the proprietors of the Winne-egan. The party numbered about seventy- five, and went to the Island in a steamer from the Willows. The meeting was considered a very successful one.
During the year papers have been read before the So- ciety, in Plummer Hall, by the following persons :
Rev. G. T. Flanders, D.D., of New Bedford,i Prof. J. W. Fewkes of Boston,2 Dr. William Thornton Parker,* Mr. Rosewell B. Lawrence of Med ford,4 Mr. John T. Prince of Newtonville,5 Mr. Sylvester Baxter of Boston,6 Col.
»See p. 104. 2See p. 105. 3See p. 105. «See p. 106. 6See p. 107. «See p. 108.
96 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Henry Stone of South Boston,1 Mrs. Kate T. Woods,2 Dr. Geo. A. Bates,3 Mr. Sidney Perley,4 Mr. Arthur M. Mow- ry,5 Mr. William L. Welch,6 Mr. Shebnah Rich,7 Rev. E. O. Dyer of South Braintree,8 Mrs. C. E. Clement Waters of Boston,9 Mr. Arthur L. Goodrich, i» Mr. W. A. Mowry of Dorchester,11 Rev. James F. Brodie,12 Prof. Ernest F. Fenollosa of Boston.13
These lectures have been free to the public. They have been well attended and given good satisfaction. Full re- ports were printed in the Salem Gazette, and other Salem papers had notices also.
Donations to the cabinets the past year number 681 from 130 different donors.14 The names of these donors and their donations have appeared every month in the Sa- lem Gazette and acknowledgments have been made by mail.
The cabinets of the historical department have received large and important additions during the past year, and it must be very evident to the frequenter of the Institute that we are getting sadly cramped for room to display our collections properly. An addition to our building is needed with a large room especially constructed for the purpose of exhibiting the historical relics. There should also be a room, properly lighted, for the portraits and his- torical pictures now the property of the Institute, and which are not shown to the best advantage in the rooms of the present building. It may seem strange that, after so few years of residence in our new quarters, we are already calling for more room and more funds ; this latter is inev- itable with a society which has to depend on the generosity of its friends, the income from its invested funds not be- ing wholly sufficient to carry on its work. This is one
»Seep. 108. 2Seep. 109. 3See p. 110. <See p. 111. 6Seep. 111. 'See p. 112. 'See p. 113. eSeep. 114. "Seep. 114. '"Seep. 110. "Seep. 117. 12See p. 118. "See p. 118. "Seep. 134.
THE RETROSrECT OF THE YEAR. 97
reason why every effort should be made to increase the membership ; while a great many of our members may not derive any personal benefit from their annual assess- ment, they cannot but feel that they are giving us much- needed financial help.
The manuscript department of the Institute ought to be made of use by having its treasures properly arranged and catalogued. This, I know, requires both time and money, but it is to be hoped that lack of funds will not prevent the completing of this work. A competent per- son should be employed in this department arranging in books, which would be easily accessible, the documents which are now in bundles and difficult to consult.
During the year we have had several special exhibits such as manuscripts, autographs, china, etc., which have attracted attention and have been the means of bringing; to our collections many valuable gifts of the same character. These exhibits could by a little more publicity and by call- ing for loans of similar articles have been made very much more complete, but they would have required more room than our exhibit cases could afford.
It has been suggested to me that, during the coming year, it would be a good idea for the Institute to arrange for a loan collection of portraits of persons who may have been, in any way, identified with Salem; such an exhibit would be of public interest, and enough material to fill Plummer Hall ought easily to be obtained.
More than seven thousand persons have visited the old meeting house of the First Church the past year.
Twelve persons have become members of the Society during the year, while nine members have died, viz. :
John P. Andrews, James Chamberlain, Henry Hale, Edward B. Lane, Nathan Nichols, George W. Pease, Sam- uel G. Rea, George Russell, J. Linton Waters.1
I mentioned in my report of last year that the formation
'Seep. 119.
98 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
of historical societies in the neighboring towns was evi- dence of an increasing interest in local history. During the past year several new societies have been started and they are all likely to prove important factors in preserving historical material of local interest. In order to show our appreciation of their efforts I would suggest that, if practicable, the libraries of these societies be furnished with a copy of our publications.
It is hardly to be expected that the public generally will look upon our work with the same idea of its importance as we do. The collecting of every kind of historical ma- terial and the properly caring for it are undoubtedly looked upon by many as a harmless hobby. There is, however, a utilitarian view of this question which I think is not brought to notice frequently enough, and that is the com- mercial value to our city of just such hobbies as ours. There is an ever-increasing number of visitors, who are drawn to our city not only from all parts of this country but also from abroad, purely by a desire to visit it because of its historical associations ; and the more value we place upon these associations ourselves, the more care we take in the preservation of everything which can be of inter- est in this direction, the greater will be the interest of these visitors, the longer their stay, and the greater the ben- efit to our retail dealers, many of whom are appreciating the fact that such trade is worth cultivating. It seems to me that our own citizens ought to feel some little pride in showing, to the strangers within our gates, the Pea body Academy of Science, the Court Houses, the Public Li- brary and our own institute, as well as pointing out to them those places which are historic from their association with men and events that are known the world over.
Respectfully submitted, Henry M. Buooks,
Secretary.
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 99
Eeport of the Librarian.
The additions to the library for the year (May, 1890 to May, 1891) have been as follows :
BY DONATION.
Folios, 85
Quartos, 19G
Octavos, 969
Twelvemos, 510
Sixteenmos, 263
Twenty-fourmos, 224
Total of bound volumes, 2,247
Pamphlets and serials, 14,285
Total of donations, 16,532
BY EXCHANGE.
Folios, 6
Quartos, 34
Octavos, 259
Twelvemos, 10
Sixteenmos, G
Twenty-fourmos, 1
Total of bound volumes, 316
Pamphlets and serials, . 1,540
Total of exchanges, 1,856
BY PURCHASE.
Folios, 1
Octavos, 73
Sixteenmos, 1
Total of bound volumes, 75
Pamphlets and serials, 639
Total of purchases, 714
Total of donations, 16,532
Total of exchanges, 1,856
Total of purchases, 714
Total of additions, 19,102
100 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 6,994 were pamphlets and 9,470 were serials.
The donations to the library for the year have been received from one hundred and ninety-four individuals, and eighty-four societies and governmental departments. The exchanges, from ten individuals and one hundred and ninety-six societies and incorporated institutions, of which ninety-five are foreign ; also from editors and publishers.
Among the donations may be mentioned about 200 vol- umes from each of the following: — Misses E. C. andM. C. Allen, Mr. O. W. H. Upham and Mrs. S. K. Whip- ple of Nevvburyport, besides over 6,000 pamphlets and serials from the latter.
The librarian regrets to be obliged to announce the death of the assistant librarian, Miss Eva K. Roberts. She took a great interest in the affairs of the library, knew what it possessed and what it lacked, and her suggestions with regard to it were always valuable. Faithful and conscientious, and with a love for her work, her death is a oreat loss to the library and to the Institute.
The present want of additional space for the storing of books, not only at the Institute but at the Public Library, emphasizes what was said in the report of last year with reference to marking out special lines of work for the different Salem libraries and makes more apparent the necessity for it, and the advantages that would accrue therefrom. The time is not far distant, even with this relief, when additional room must be provided for the rapidly growing library of the Institute.
It is hoped during the coming year to make some prog- ress in preparing a catalogue or finding-list of the books as arranged by subjects in the different rooms. This would be of great assistance to the users of the library and would serve as a foundation for a complete catalogue.
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 101
The attendance at the rooms of the library during the past year has been very satisfactory and the librarian again expresses his hope that in the not distant future an increased income will make it possible to open the rooms of the Institute on the afternoons of Sunday and during the winter evenings.
Chas. S. Osgood, Librarian.
After the reading of the librarian's report the following remarks were offered by Rev. E. B. Willson :
The withdrawal of Miss Eva K. Roberts some time since from the duties of assistant librarian of the Essex Institute on account of illness which, it was hoped, would be but temporary, but which was followed by her death on the third of May, calls for a grateful mention of her services upon the records of the Institute, and a warm tribute to her worth. Her death entails upon the Institute a loss not soon and easily to be made good. Miss Rob- erts had filled her position in the library since May 19, 1879, twelve years. She was competent, efficient and faithful, securing the confidence and respect both of the members of the Institute and of those who had occasion to resort to its rooms for information or assistance. By her full and minute knowledge of the contents of the library and her prompt and courteous helpfulness to those who sought access to its treasures, she greatly contributed to the usefulness of its collections, and placed many under lasting obligations by bringing its valuable stores within their reach : Therefore,
Resolved, That the Essex Institute cordially appreciates the faithful and important services rendered by Miss Eva K. Roberts as its assistant librarian for many years, that it pays deserved honor to her devotion and personal worth, laments sincerely her death, and offers to her sorrowing family its heartfelt sympathy.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 7*
102
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Treasurer's Report. Receipts and expenditures of the past year (condensed from the account presented).
RECEIPTS.
For balance of last year's account, '' assessments of members, " income of invested funds, . " sale of publications, " amounts from other sources, .
cash hired on note of the corporation,
Net income
$813 00
3,121 86
468 78
213 87
$667 45
4,617 51 1,423 75
$6,708 71
EXPENDITURES.
By salaries of secretary, assistant librarians and janitor, " cost of books, periodicals and binding, .
" " " publications and printing, . . . .
(i n <c repajr8 aruj improvements, .
" paid Salem Athenaeum, yearly portion of expenses, , " cost of fuel, gas, water, postage, express, etc.,
Net expenses,
By paid annuities, obligations with legacies,
$2,198 60 395 15 1,656 59 486 44 166 22 537 75
Total of expenditures, By balance on hand,
$ 5,440 75 710 00
6,150 75 557 96
$6,708 71
investment of the funds.
For the Essex Institute building, $28,370 69
" Ship Rock and land, 100 00
Real estate, $28,470 69
For stocks, bonds and securities, 61,269 10
'* legacy from the estate of the late Mrs. Nancy D. Cole, on
deposit not yet invested, 10,000 00
Income earning, 71,269 10
Total, $99,739 79
SALEM, MAY 18, 1891.
Geo. D. Phippen, Treasurer.
Securities and vouchers examined and approved.
R. C Manning, Auditor.
the retrospect of the year. 103
Auditor's Report.
The Auditor of the Essex Institute respectfully reports that he has examined and approved all of the financial ac- counts of the Institute for the year ending at this date.
The account of the Treasurer shows
receipts.
Balance of previous account, $ 667 45
Income from investments, assessments, sales of publications, photographs,
etc 4,617 51
Discount of Institute note for $2,500, 2,423 75
$7,708 71
PAYMENTS.
Geneval expenses, salaries, publications, etc., $5,440 75
Annuities to beneficiaries under wills, 710 00
Paid on account of note at Salem bank, 1,000 00
Balance to new account 557 96
$7,70S 71
It will be seen by these figures that the expenditures of the past year exceeded the general income by a little more than sixteen hundred dollars.
The securities belonging to the Institute have all been examined and found to agree with the schedule submitted by the treasurer.
They amount in the aggregate to the sum of $99,739.79 of which $28,470.69 is represented by the real estate, $61,269.10 is invested in stocks, bonds and deposits in savings banks, and $10,000 is on special deposit now awaiting investment.
The condition of the finances of the corporation bears testimony to the faithful and skilful performance of his duties by the treasurer.
All of which is respectfully submitted,
Richard C. Manning, Auditor.
Salem, May 18, 1891.
104 the retrospect of the year.
Lectures.
Monday, Nov. 17, 1890.— Rev. G. T. Flanders, D.D., of New Bedford, lectured on "Ancient Egypt" which he called the "land of mystery." After all that has been done by Egyptologists to effect a reliable history of its people, civilization and religion, it is to-day comparatively a sealed book. There are difficulties in its chronology and strange system of hieroglyphics, which make it almost impossible to construct the history of that people.
In the old inscriptions Egypt is called "the black land," the name Kam or Kem having reference to the almost black color of the soil, and the King is often mentioned as "the lord of the black country and of the red country," in other words, cultivated Egypt and the Arabian Desert. For twenty-five hundred years the history and the mysteries of Egypt were locked up in a strange, unknown tongue, the key to which had been lost. Fifty years ago the key, seemingly by accident, was found. This was near Rosetta in Egypt, where in 1799 was found a stone bearing inscrip- tions in three distinct characters — Hieroglyphic, Coptic and Greek. This stone is in the British Museum, while a plaster of it is among the treasures of the Essex Institute.
Beyond King Mena there is no real Egyptian history. The seals of asserted continuous history from Mena run from 7000 to 2400 B. C. Babylon and Egypt would be in origin as kingdoms about contemporary. The pyra- mids would have an antiquity of about 4000 years. Civ- ilization would have taken its rise in Egypt in the course of the third millennium before Christ, and would have rap- idly advanced in certain directions as it did in Babylon. The earth would at no time present the spectacle of one highly civilized community standing alone for thousands of years in the midst of races rude and unpolished.
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 105
Monday, Nov. 24, 1 890. — Professor J. Walter Fewkes, of Boston, delivered a lecture on "Summer Ceremonials at Znni and Moqui Pueblos." The lecture was illustra- ted by lantern views by Mr. Newcomb.
Professor Fewkes made some remarks in opening on the antiquity of ceremonials, and gave an account of the cer- emonial offerings, the time for planting, the rain dances, pottery, rabbit hunting, climate influences, in fact a very full account of the ceremonials of the Zuiiians.1
Monday, Dec. 1, 1890.— Dr. William Thornton Parker delivered a lecture on "The Chippewa Indians."
A very interesting account was given of that tribe in particular and remarks made on the North American In- dians in general.
Anions; other things, he said our ideas of the Indians are apt to be limited ; we forget that there are over two hundred tribes living within the limits of the United States. Those who know most about the native American Indians, have the most respect for them. These Indians, unlike those of New Mexico, Central and South America, are believers in God, the Great Spirit, as they call him.
The lecturer considered the Ojibways the most interest- ing of the Indian races for observation and study.
Dr. Parker had considerable to say of Bishop Whipple and Gen. Armstrong, commending their labors among the Indians and the great improvements that had been made un- der theirwork and missions ; he also thoughtthe Indians had been led into warfare by provocation of the white people. War has been a struggle for existence with them.
The physical condition of the Indian was made worse for the semi-civilized appliances he had adopted by which the transition from out-door life to log-cabins overheated
!See Bulletin, Vol. xxil, p. 89.
106 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
with stoves, and a life of accompanying laziness, brought physical degeneracy.
Monday, Dec. 8, 1890. — Mr. Rosewell B. Lawrence, of Medford, lectured on the "Carolina Mountains" illustrated with ninety-four lantern views.
The western part of North Carolina has been but little known to our people ; its beautiful streams, forest-clothed mountains, brilliant wild flowers, soft balmy air, charming sky and peculiar people were described by the lecturer. Its mountains are the culmination of the Appalachian sys- tem, having several peaks higher than Mt. Washington. The Blue Ridge on the east and the Smokies on the west embrace a plateau elevated twenty-four hundred feet above the sea, containing six thousand square miles and inter- sected by several transverse ranges. In this region are found valuable forests of hard timber, rich mines of iron ore, mountains of marble of fine quality and various col- ors, mica in large sheets, copper, corundum and many precious stones, including the hiddenite, an emerald green gem peculiar to North Carolina.
Mr. Lawrence described Linville, where capitalists are laying out the town as a health and pleasure resort. The elevation of the town is thirty-eight hundred feet, sur- rounded by mountains, Grandfather Mountain being almost six thousand feet. Bakersville, Burnsville and Asheville were described, the latter the charming pleasure resort, where fine hotels and elegant residences are being erected to accommodate the north in winter and the south in summer. Visitors from both sections throng the place, each in their season. The beautiful scenery of the French Broad and Swannano rivers, Warm Springs, the railroad at Round Knob, Bald Mountain and Caesar's Head, was pictured on the screen. The people were illustrated, many of their
THE RETROSPECT OF THE TEAR. 107
curious customs described and pictures shown of the hard wood forests, the laurel, azalea and rhododendron ; an ac- count was given of the ascent of Mt. Mitchell, the highest mountain east of the Mississippi, being six thousand seven hundred and eleven feet.
Monday, Dec. 15, 1890.— Mr. John T. Prince, of New- tonville, delivered a lecture on "Common Schools." He gave first a brief history of the Massachusetts School Sys- tem, answered the criticism sometimes made against it and described what was done in the best of schools, showing that the children ill these schools are preparing well for the duties of life in a proper training of the body, intel- lect and will ; the formation of a good character being most important of all.
These results are attainable in all schools under proper conditions : the employment of teachers well qualified for their work by proper training and supervision of skilled superintendents.
Monday, Jan. 12, 1891. — Mr. Sylvester Baxter, of Boston, lectured on "The Evolution of a Nation." After referring to the great social developments and changes which are now taking place in the world and which are the natural outcome of what has gone before, the lecturer proceeded to say that these changes should be helped not hindered; that the principles of evolution were always the same, and that one great factor in evolution was the friction of individual particles which at last taught the lesson that only by working in unison could the welfare of the whole be obtained. Mr. Baxter referred to Mr. Bellamy's book "Looking Backward" which he said pointed out the direction in which social development naturally lay and which, judging by the notice which had been given
108 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
to it had struck the right chord in the minds of many. He then traced the growth of a nation from its beginning and showed that the substitution of industrial combination for competition, now going on all over the world in such a marked degree, was in strict accordance with the law of natural evolution. He then attempted to prove that the only natural method by which unity could be accomplished would be by having the government, either national, state or municipal, assume the responsibility of all our indus- tries. As it now carries our letters, why not our telegrams ; as it carries our small bundles, why not our large ones and our persons as well ; as it furnishes us with water, why not with food. This would be true democracy.
Monday, Jan. 19,1891. — Col. Henry Stone, of South Boston, lectured on "General Sheridan," who was born at Albany, N. Y., of Irish parents then just arrived in this country. When he was very young the family removed to Ohio : his early life was one of poverty. After attending school for a short time he became clerk in a country store at two dollars per month; in 1848 he entered West Point and was there five years. His first service was on the Pa- cific coast; when the rebellion broke out in 1861 he was a lieutenant in Oregon but received the appointment of cap- tain and was ordered to St. Louis ; at the end of the first year of the war his duties were obscure and insignificant, but in May, 18G2, he was appointed colonel of the Mich- igan Cavalry. From that time his progress was unexam- pled ; in consequence of great skill and bravery exhibited, he rose in eight months from captain to major general.
The attention of General Grant was attracted by his conduct and when the former was made general-in-chief, Sheridan was called to the cavalry works of the army of the Potomac. His career in that position is well known ;
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAH. 109
from Winchester to Appomattox, he was always at the front, urgent, skilful, tireless, unyielding and always vic- torious. After the surrender of Lee, in April, 1865, he was sent to Texas to take a post on the Mexican border. When Grant became president, March 4, 1869, Sheridan was made lieutenant-general. In 1884 on General Sher- man's retirement he became general-in-chief with head- quarters at Washington. He died August 15, 1888, at Nonquit.
In his personal bearing and habit Sheridan was anything but the dashing, roistering character usually associated with a trooper. His success was due not to noisy dem- onstration on the battle-field, but to careful and diligent preparation, then to rapid and skilful action. He was quiet, reserved and painstaking ; studying always how best to supply, care for and use his army so as to gain victory. So far from being high-tempered, he was gen- tle and considerate unless some great emergency or some shortcoming demanded corresponding expletives. The service he rendered his country was invaluable.
Monday, Jan. 26, 1891.— -Mrs. Kate Tannatt Woods lectured on "Old Moravian Customs in America." It is said this lecture presents a portion of our national his- tory which has not been fully described before, except in a few works printed by the Moravians themselves. The Moravians came to this country in 1747, as missionaries to the American Indians. They had been persecuted in Germany and Austria for their religious belief and were at last given a home on the estate of Berthelsdorf, the property of the ancestors of the late Dr. DeGersdorf for several years a practising physician of Salem. The first settlement was made in Georgia where the Indians cruelly murdered many of the colony, and the remnant went to
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110 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Pennsylvania and settled in the wilderness where the town of Bethlehem now stands. They were devoted friends of the Indians who were treacherous and laid a plot to again murder the settlers, but were frustrated by the sounding of the trombone chorale used to inform the congregation that a death had taken place.
Specimens of the chorales were rendered by members of the Cadet Band under the leadership of Mr. Missud. Some of this music dates back to A. D. 380 and 405. The scores were sent the lecturer by a prominent musi- cian, himself a Moravian. As a rule very little is known of the trombone music in this country save by the Mora- vians. Mrs. Woods gave an interesting account of Mora- vians and described the manufacture of the wafer used by them at their communion service.
Monday, Feb. 2, 1891. — Dr. George A. Bates de- livered a lecture on "The Modern Method of the Study of Natural History." He gave a resume of the history of natural history from Linnaeus to Agassiz, touching only the epoch-making periods and characters, such as Linnaeus, Cuvier, Lamarck, Darwin and Agassiz. He spoke of evo- lution and its bearings upon the science of biology and upon subjects on which the naturalists of to-day are at work. These were, mainly, development (embryology, morphology, histology) and ancestry of animals as shown by the light of evolution ; then he gave some thoughts concerning the laws of heredity as suggested by the phe- nomena presented in the process of egg fertilizations ; next he spoke of the growth and improvement of the micro- scope and invention and importance of the microtome, also of how naturalists work. Section cutting, he said, enables the student to take animals to pieces and study their structure in detail ; thus they are able to get at the
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Ill
ultimate elements and see them at their work in building up and sustaining their structure. The study of the ani- mal in the egg gives us a view into nature's workshop, where she is busy transforming the elements of earth into living organisms. The comparison of the old and the new, one represented by the forms of to-day, the other by those that have long since passed from our world, helps, by the light of the modern theory of evolution, to trace the ancestry of the forms of animal life on this earth.
Monday, Feb. 16, 1891. — Sidney Perley, Esq., spoke on " The Computation of Time." The lecturer defined the meaning of time, spoke of the early chronology of the Bible, the natural and artificial divisions of time of the Hebrew, Roman and Julian calendars (the last having been the foundation of ours) , the origin of Leap year, also the change in our calendar, in 1752, when eleven days were dropped and the circumstances which led to it ; he mentioned the seasons, months, weeks and days into which time is divided, and the artificial means of measuring time by the different instruments such as clepsydras, sun-dials, hour-glasses, clocks, watches, etc.
Mr. Perley exhibited Governor Endicott'ssun-dial, an old pulpit, and two hour-glasses, all from the Institute cabi- nets, with several quaint old almanacs. He concluded by a description of local time, and an account of the changes made in 1883 from local to standard time.
Monday, Feb. 23, 1891.— Mr. Arthur M. Mo wry read an interesting paper on "How English Colonies in America acquired their Government." He spoke of the political history of the English people down to the time of the first government formed in America which was the Virginia Company and the Charter granted them by King James in
112 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
1606, which gave the company power over the land from South Carolina to Maine. The speaker then went on to furnish a concise statement of the settlement of the vari- ous colonies and of the steps by which they acquired the executive and legislative branches.
A new feature seems to have gradually grown up in these colonies, for which we can find no exact precedent in Eng- lish history. The executive branch consisted not in one man, the King's representative, but in the governor and council. In Pennsylvania this council had only executive power, but in the other colonies it formed the upper branch of the legislature. The words royal and propriety will show how the governors of those colonies were ap- pointed, while in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Con- necticut, the unusual liberty again appeared in the appoint- ing of the governor by the people.
Monday, March 2, 1891.— Mr. William L. Welch, lec- tured on "Recollections of the Burnside Expedition" in 1862, which resulted in the capture of Roanoke Island and Newberne, N. C, from the Confederate forces.
Five Massachusetts Regiments were in the command ; in the 23rd Massachusetts Regiment, were two Salem com- panies : A, Captain E. A. P. Brewster, and F, Captain George M. Whipple.
Mr. Welch spoke of the regiment leaving camp at Lynnfield, in November, 1861, and described the incidents of the journey to Annapolis where the troops went on board transports on January 6, 1862. On January 15, the last of the sailing vessels entered Hatteras inlet but it was fully two weeks before the fleet got over the swash or inner bar on account of shoal water. During the stay at the Inlet the troops suffered from want of food and water. The almost continuous storm and the non-arrival of water-
THE RETROSFECT OF THE YEAR. 113
vessels that had been ordered from Baltimore disturbed all the calculation of the commanding-general. He de- scribed rather humorously the suffering and inconvenience.
February 5, the fleet started up Pamlico Sound for Roa- noke Island ; an account of the action in capturing both the Island and afterwards Nevvberne, showing all the difficul- ties that the Union forces had to contend with and of the great importance to the Union cause, of the successful ter- mination of the expedition.
Monday, March 9, 1891. — Mr. Shebnah Rich delivered a lecture on the "Synod of Dort." He said the religious council known as the "Synod of Dort," was called in 1618 by Prince Maurice and the estates of Holland to settle dif- ferences of religious opinions that had sprung up in the Protestant churches between the Calvinists and Armini- ans. We well know that Constantine, ironically styled the "Great Christian Emperor," directed the first Nician Council ; he banished Arius and elevated Athanasius ; he set our lessons in theology. Back of the "Synod of Dort" were two central figures, Calvin and Arminius.
The doctrine of Calvin briefly stated was, "Some men shall be saved, do what they will, and the rest damned, do what they can." The early Christians borrowed the faith from the Pagan religions, which were honeycombed with fatalism. Bitter controversies culminated in the "Synod of Dort," which met in November, 1618. In political phrase it was a packed assembly, the state commissioners controll- ing the deputies and the divines. The Synod was in ses- sion over six months. At the one hundred and forty-fourth sitting the decision against the Remonstrants was read in Latin ; those who would not subscribe to their own condem- nation were banished without the privilege of seeing their wives and friends.
114 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Monday, March 16, 1891.— Rev. E. O. Dyer, of South Braintree, lectured on "The Modern Jew." Mr. Dyer gave first an outline sketch of the Jews since the time of Christ, their dreadful slaughter under the Roman emper- ors and bitter persecutions in mediaeval times by the so- called Christian nations; second, of their emancipation which began with the enfranchisement in England in 1753, and of the effects of this emancipation making the Jew in many respects the leader of the world.
He spoke of their great increase in wealth. The Jews are the bankers of the world ; some kinds of business are almost wholly controlled by them. Reference was made to their commercial ascendancy in New York, their promi- nence in politics and in education in Europe.
Pantheistic philosophy and German rationalism owe their origin to the writings of Spinoza.
The Jews were allies of Christianity and Mr. Dyer spoke at some length on the modern persecution of them in Rus- sia which had the effect of driving them from that country ; also of their return to Palestine and said there were more Jews in the Holy Land to-day than returned from the Babylonian captivity ; that there was a patriotic longing of the people to occupy once more the land of their fath- ers ; in conclusion, that the Jews' part in history had not been played yet, and made reference to the rise of the Jews in modern times, having a bearing on the inspiration of the Scriptures and the interpretation of prophecy. Whatever view we take, more and more the attention of the world will be drawn to Israel.
Monday, March 23, 1891.— -Mrs. Clara Erskine Clem- ent Waters, of Boston, gave a very interesting lecture on "Dravidian Architecture."
The country formerly known as Dravida is now the
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 115
southern portion of the Madras Presidency. The language of this people was the Tamil and it is believed to have been an original tongue not derived from Brahmanical sources or affected by the Aryans ; everything connected with the Dravidians is involved in mystery and yet facts enough are known to make a study of them, especially of their art, most interesting.
A Dravidian temple embraces such an area in space and includes so many colleges and various other buildings that a visit to one of the larger temples is equal to a visit to a small town. Jn some temples twenty thousand people be- long to the service in one capacity and another, from the priest down to the grooms and elephant keepers. The treasures of the temple are large and their revenues enor- mous. The Orloff diamond now in the sceptre of Russia was once an eye of the golden Vishnu at Seringham and was stolen by a French deserter when the soldiers used the temple as barracks a century and a half ago; many thou- sands of pilgrims visit these shrines every year and the fes- tivals are attended in great numbers. The most unusual feature of the lecture which was a description of this ar- chitecture, so unlike any other in its form and decoration, cannot be explained without pictures such as were shown by the lecturer; and even then a knowledge of the tech- nical terms is needful for a clear understanding of them.
The Hindu religion is credited with many sects, but es- sentially all Hindus are Salvites or Vishnuites and both these sects are largely represented in Southern India. The temples are the same in their arrangement and only an ex- amination of the symbols and idols reveals the sect to which each belongs ; in fact some temples are decorated with the emblems of two deities in different portions which indi- cate that at sonic time there was great harmony among the
llti THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
worshippers of Siva and Vishnu, which with Brahma formed the Hindu Trinity.
Monday, March 30, 1 891. —Mr. Arthur L. Goodrich read an interesting paper on "The Sources of the Nile." After giving some historical and descriptive account of Egypt, Mr. Goodrich said in substance that civilization in Africa has not been either very seriously or successfully attempted until lately. The Portuguese have been there from very early times ; the French have held the coast re- gion north of the Sahara and England has held Egypt. There have been isolated trading posts in many places ; the discoveries of Livingstone and Stanley have changed all this and the whole country has been divided up within ten or twelve years between six European powers who take possession either in form of "protectorates" or of "zones of influence ;" these are new terms.
To establish a "protectorate" is to take possession of the country of another and administer it at your pleasure. It sounds like robbery, but is really an extension to na- tions of the idea that the property of incompetents must be administered for them ; as to the "zones of influence," the various nations agree not to interfere with each other in their dealings with the natives throughout certain de- lined areas.
The reasons for this division of Africa are three in num- ber : first, Europe is overcrowded and there are signs that America will not much longer consent to receive her over- plus ; secondly, competition in commerce is so extreme that new fields are an imperative necessity ; thirdly, Africa is the only place left where the natives are too ignorant to defend themselves.
A description of the physical geography of the conti-
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 117
nent, quotations from Stanley and Drummond, illustrative of its surface features, descriptions of its various products and a statement of the obstacles with which colonization and commerce must contend, with special reference to the African fever, were given.
Monday, April £, 1891.— Mr. W. A. Mowiy, of Dor- chester read a paper on "Some Stepping Stones to Amer- ican Greatness." In introducing his subject, he said it was only recently we had discovered that we had any history. It is not the length of time which makes history, but what is accomplished. We made more history in a single cen- tury than Methuselah saw in his long lifetime.
The last century has made history that shall last while the world endures :the freeing of the slaves between 1860 and 1865, the freeing of slaves in Cuba and the emanci- pation of serfs in Russia. He went back to the beginning of European knowledge of America, Columbus' discovery. Three great nations held possession of sections of America at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Spain the southern portion of the continent, France along the St. Lawrence valley and England the smallest possessions, a few small colonies along the coast.
The wonderful treaty at the close of the French and In- dian War reshaped those possessions, but the result was the taxation of the colonists and the Declaration of Indepen- dence. The treaty of peace at the close of the Revolution- ary War was considered by the lecturer the most remark- able ; it involved three great questions the most serious of which Avas the boundaries. The three men most instru- mental in drawing it up were John Adams, John Jay and Benjamin Franklin and it resulted in our gaining posses- sion of the tract northwest of Ohio.
Mr. Mowry dwelt at some length on the condition of
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 8*
118 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
the treaty and how it was accomplished and gave statistics of area, increase of population, wheat, corn, etc., com- paring that territory with countries of Europe, proving how valuable the acquisition was to us.
In closing, he spoke of the great national problem and stated that though he was not pessimistic he realized there was a great deal to do.
Monday, April 13, 1891. — Rev. James F. Brodie lec- tured on "The Scotch Influence in the American Nation." The lecturer said that to trace the Scottish element in the American nation is very difficult because it so closely re- sembles the original English base ; so far as that base was Puritan it had been subject to Scottish influence before leaving the mother country. Recently published manu- scripts show that the actual beginning of Puritanism in the English church was John Knox. The Scotch element has not been so much a fertilizing1 as a vitalizing force in American national life ; the Yankee is so much more a Yankee for all of the Scotchman that enters into his make- up. The part taken by the Scotch in American history was considered ; in at least nine out of the thirteen original states there were Scotch settlements of considerable ex- tent. In 1657 the Scottish Charitable Society was organ- ized in Boston and to-day is probably the oldest corporate body in the country with the single exception of Harvard College. This was the first American Charity.
Monday, April 20, 1891.— Prof. Ernest F. Fenollosa delivered a lecture on " Some Lessons in Japanese Art." The lecturer said that Japan and the Japanese have been more talked about in the last fifteen years than anything ex- cept money making ; yet little of value has been said or written. A superficial mocking view has for the most part
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 119
been taken, represented by the spirit of the Mikado oper- etta. Japanese are thought of as small, childlike and funny ; .Japanese art as light and grotesque. We had hoped better things of recent magazine writers, but in vain. We want some one to treat Japan seriously, as the Rev. Samuel Johnson did Chinese culture.
The very difference of Eastern thought from ourselves throws light upon our deepest problem : briefly, they have developed social instincts, we, individual ; they, synthetic thought, we, analytical ; they, art, we, science. Art is the flower of their life ; of no other nation or people except the ancient Greeks can this be said, and this vitality of Japanese art when better known will strongly influence our future theories and methods of art education. In Jap- an, the humblest home, its little garden, its utensils, all of the cheapest materials, are all artistic. The commonest laborer stops to notice the beauty of natural scenery, or to pluck wild flowers. Everybody is a poet, a draughtsman, a critic. How all this contrasts with the prevailing ugli- ness of western life ! In Japan, art is conceived as an im- portant social function, parallel with morality and religion.
Necrology of Members. John P. Andrews, son of John H. and Nancy P. (Page) Andrews, was born in Salem, June 23, 1805 ; elect- ed a member of the Essex County Natural History Society, April 24, 1844, and died in Salem, Nov. 2, 1890.
James Chamberlain, son of Samuel and Mary (Bow- man) Chamberlain, was born in Salem, May 18, 1803 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, June 11, 1852, and died in Salem, June 14, 1890.
Henry Hale, son of Joseph and Eunice (Chute) Hale,
120 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
was born in Salem, Feb. 15, 1808; elected a member of the Essex Institute, July 6, 1864, and died in Salem, July 8, 1890.
Edward B. Lane, son of William and Elizabeth (Browne) Lane, was born in Salem, May 6, 1814 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Jan. 31, 1855, and died in Salem, Oct. 7, 1890.
Nathan Nichols, son of Ichabod and Cassandra (Frye), Nichols, was born in Salem, Nov. 22, 1815 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Aug. 11, 1854, and died in Salem, July 24, 1890.
George W. Pease, son of Robert and Letitia (Clough) Pease, was born in Salem, Apr. 6, 1814; elected a mem- ber of the Essex Institute, May 14, 1856, and died in Salem, Oct. 6, 1890.
Samuel G. Rea, son of Samuel and Sarah (Barr) Rea, was born in Salem, Feb. 17, 1811 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Feb. 18, 1857, and died in Salem, Dec. 17, 1890.
George Russell, son of Asa and Sarah (Leach) Rus- sell, was born in Maiden, Sept. 16, 1816 ; elected a mem- ber of the Essex Institute, June 7, 1854, and died in Salem, June 26, 1890.
J. Linton Waters, son of Joseph G. and Eliza G. (Townsend) Waters, was born in Salem, Sept. 4, 1826 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Oct. 21, 1872, and died in Salem, April 14, 1891.
There were, besides these, five others who were formerly active members, but were not at the time of their death.
Samuel L. Batchelder, son of David and Mehitable (Lang) Batchelder, was born in Barnstead, N. H., Dec.
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 121
2, 1817; elected a member of the Essex Institute, July 29, 1863, and died in Salem, June 2, 1890.
Edward C. Cheever, son of Josiah C. and Elizabeth
W. (Page) Cheever, was born in Boston, June 28, 1843 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, July 22, 1870, and died in Kewanee, 111., Aug. 11, 1890.
Joseph Hammond, son of Jeduthun and Hannah (Ho- man) Hammond, was born in Salem, Nov. 30, 1806 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Sept. 2, 1863, and died in Salem, Aug. 27, 1890.
Jonathan Kimball, son of Nathan and Martha (Web- ster) Kimball, was born in Kingston, N. H., Mar. 18, 1819 ; elected a member of the Essex Institute, Nov. 5, 1866, and died in Chelsea, July 17, 1890.
Charles Osgood, son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth (Cowan) Osgood, was born in Salem, Feb. 25, 1809; elected a member of the Essex Institute, July 14, 1864, and died in Salem, Dec. 26, 1890.
Donations or exchanges to the library have been re- ceived from the following sources :
Aberdeen, S. D., Commissioner of Immigration, . Adelaide, Royal Society of South Australia, . Albany, New York State Library, ....
Allen, Misses E. C. and M. C,
American Association for the Advancement of Science American Banker's Association, New York, . American Library Association, ....
Amherst College
Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts Agricultural Experimeu
Station,
Amiens, Societe Liunecnue du Nord de la France,
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Andover Theological Seminary, .... Andrews, H. Franklin, Audubon, la.,
Andrews, John P.,
Andrews, John P., Estate of,
Andrews, Samuel P., . . Newspapers, Circulars
Appleton, W. S., Boston,
Archer, Augustus J.,
Arnold, James N., Providence, R. I.,
Augsburg, Naturhistorischer Verein,
Babbitt, George F., Barre
Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University, . Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute,
Barstow, Benjamin,
Basel, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Batavia, K. N. Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie, Belfast, Naturalists' Field Club, .... Bemis, Miss Caroline E., . . . Newspapers
Bergens Museum,
Berkeley, University of California, .... Berlin, Gesellschaft der Naturforschende Freunde, Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues, Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein der Preussischen
Rheinlande u. Westphalens, .... Bordeaux, Academie Nationale des Sciences, Belles
Lettres et Arts,
Bordeaux, Societe Linneenne,
Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, . Boston, American Congregational Association, Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club,
Boston Board of Health,
Boston, Church Home for Orphan and Destitute Children
Boston, City of,
Boston City Hospital,
Boston & Maine Railroad Passenger Department, . Boston, Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean
Asylum,
Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Massachusetts Humane Society, Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society,
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
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Boston, Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati, . Boston, Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, Boston, Massachusetts State Board of Health, Boston, Massachusetts State Library,
Boston Mayor's Office,
Boston, National Association of Wool Manufacturers, Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society,
Newspapers, Boston, Overseers of the Poor, Boston Public Library, Boston Record Commissioners, Boston Society of Natural History, Boutwell, Francis M., Groton, ....
Bremen, Naturvvissenschaftlicher Verein, Bristol (Eng.), Naturalists' Society,
Brooklyn (N. Y.) Library,
Brooklyn, N. Y., Pratt Institute, ....
Brooks, Miss E. M. R
Brooks, Henry M.,
Brooks, Mrs. Henry M., . Newspapers, Circulars
Brooks, Miss Jennie, ......
Brooks, Miss Margarette W.,
Brown, Arthur H., Newspapers
Brownell, T. Frank, New York, N. Y., . Briinn, Naturforschender Verein, .... Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College, .... Bruxelles, Society Beige de Microscopie, Bruxelles, Societe Entomologique, .... Bruxelles, Societe Royale Malacologique, Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientiflca Argentina, Buffalo (N. Y.) Historical Society, ....
Buffalo (N. Y.) Library,
Burns, Clifford C,
Caen, Academie Nationale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres Calcutta, Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, Indian Museum, . , . . .
Cambridge, Harvard University, .... Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Young Men's Christian Associatiou of
Harvard University, Canada Royal Society, Carpenter, Rev. C. C, Andover, Carter, James C, New York, N. Y., Chamberlain, James A., .... Newspapers,
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242
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8
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2
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5
2
3
14
34
1 226 821
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THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Champaign, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Chapel Hill, N. C, Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, . Cherbourg, Societe Nationale cles Sciences Naturelles et
Mathematics,
Chicago CHI.) Board of Trade, ....
Chicago (111.) Historical Society, .... Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Co., Chicago, 111., Newberry Library, ....
Chicago (111.) Public Library,
Childs, George W., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Christiania, Bibliotheque de l'Universite Royale, .
Christiania, N. Nord Expedition, ....
Christiania, Norwegian Geodetic Commission,
Christiania, Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition,
Christiania, Videnskabs-Selskabet, ....
Cincinnati, Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio Mechanics' Institute,
Cincinnati (O.) Public Library, ....
Cincinnati (O.) Society of Natural History, .
Clarke, Mrs. N. A.,
Cleveland, Mrs. William S.,
Cogswell, William,
Cole, Mrs. N. D., Estate of,
Colorado Springs, Colorado College,
Columbus, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,
Columbus, Ohio Meteorological Bureau, .
Conant, W. P., Charleston, S. C, . . Newspapers
Coolidge, J. Templeton, Portsmouth, N. H., .
Copenhague, Acadeinie Royale, ....
Copenhague, Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord,
Cordoba, Academia Nacional de Ciencias,
Culin, Stewart, Philadelphia, Pa., ....
Currier, J. M., Newport, Vt.,
Curwen, George R., Newspapers,
Curwen, James B., Newspapers,
Cutter, Abram E., Charlestown, Cuvier Natural History Club, . Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft Darling, Charles W., Utica, N. Y., . Dedham Historical Society, Des Moines, Iowa Academy of Sciences,
Dodge, Daniel J., Pittsfield,
Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft " Isis," Dublin, Royal Irish Academy,
Newspapers
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 125
Durkheim, Die Pollichia, eiu Naturwissenschaftlicher
Verein der Rheinpfalz, 3
Eaton, Miss Bessie W 2
Edinburgh Royal Society, 2
Ellery, Harrison, Boston, 1
Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1
Emerton, James, Newspapers, 20 182
Eniilio, Luis F., New York, N. Y., 1
Emmerton, Mrs. George R., 2
Endicott, William C, jr., 21) 4
Erfurt, K. Akademie Gemeinniitziger Wissenschaften, . 1
Erlangen, Physikalisch-Medicinische Societat, . . 2
Essex (Eng.) Field Club, 4
Exeter, N. H., Phillips Academy, 1
Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, . 1
Farley, Miss Abbie, 12 2
Farmer, Mrs. Amelia, .... Newspapers.
Farnham, Miss Mary, 4
Farrell, H. F. E., Newspapers, 1 14
Fearing, A. C, jr., Boston, 2 1
Fenollosa, Mrs. Manuel, .... Circulars, 42 227
Fewkes, J. Walter, Boston, 1
Fireuze, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, .... 1 30
Folger, William C, Nantucket, 5
Foote, Caleb, 1
Foster, Joseph, Portsmouth, N. H., .... 1 Frankfurt-a-M., Senckenbergische Naturforschende Ges- ellschaft, 1 2
Frost, Mrs. L. A, 1
Garrison, Wendell Phillips, New York, N. Y., . . 1
Gavett, William F., 7
Geneve, Institut National Genevois, .... 1
Geneve, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle, . 1
Giessen, Oberhessische Gesellschaft fur Natur und
Heilkiinde, 1
Gill, Charles, Montreal, Can., 2
Gillis, James A., Winchendon, . . Newspapers.
Gilmore, George C, Manchester, N. II., . . . . 1
Glasgow Natural History Society, 2
Glover, John P., 4
Goodrich, Mrs. Almira T., Portsmouth, N. H., News- papers,
Goodwin, James J., Hartford, Ct., .... 1
Gould, Johu H., Topsfleld, . . . Newspapers.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII 9
126
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
lars
der
Grand Rapids (Mich.) Public Library,
Granville, O., Denison University,
Green, Samuel A., Boston, Newspapers, Circa
Griffis, Rev. William E., Boston,
Giistrow, Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte
Hagerty, F. H., Aberdeen, S. I).,
Halle, K. Leop.-Carolinische Deutsche Akademi
Naturforscher, ....
Hammond, Joseph, West Swanzey, N. H., Hannover, Naturhistorischer Gesellschaft,
Hanson, Miss E. H.,
Harlem, Societe Hollandaise des Sciences, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania State Library, Hartford, Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford, Ct., Trinity College, Haskell, Mrs. A. J., West Roxbury, Hassam, John T., Boston, ....
Hawken, Thomas,
Hawken, Mrs. Thomas, .... Newspapers
Hegeler, Edward C, Chicago, 111.,
Higginson, Francis J., Newport, R. I., .
Hill, B. D., and W. S. Nevins,
Hoar, George F., Washington, D. G,
Hobart, Government of Tasmania,
Hobart, Royal Society of Tasmania,
Hoffman, Mrs. Charles,
Hoffman, Walter J., Washington, D. C,
Homan's Publishing House, New York, N. Y.,
Horsford, Ebeu N., Cambridge,
Hotchkiss, Miss Susan V.,New Haven, Ct., Newspapers
Howard, George E., Lincoln, Neb.,
Howe, Mrs. Margaret J., ....
Hunnewell, James F., Charlestown,
Hunt, T. F.,
Hvde Park Historical Society,
Ingersoll, Edward, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Iowa City, la., State Historical Society,
Iowa City, la., Laboratories of Natural History of
University,
Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University,
Jones, G. I., Chicago, 111., ....
Kansas City (Mo.) Academy of Science,
Kenney, Mrs. J. A., .... Newspapers,
Kezar, W. H.,
State
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
127
Kimball, Mrs. E. D.,
Kimball, Miss Elizabeth H.,
Kimball, Miss Mary A.,
Kimball, Mrs. Sarah A., Methuen,
Kjobenhavn, Botaniske Forening,
Kjobenhavn, K. D. Videnskabernes Selskabs,
Lamson, Frederick, .... Newspapers
Lansing, Michigan State Hoard of Agriculture,
Lansing, Michigan State Library
Lausanne, Soci6te Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, Lawrence Free Public Library, ....
Lawrence, George N., New York, N. Y., Lawrence, Robert M., Lexington, ....
Leach, Osborne,
Lee, Francis H., Newspapers
Leeds, Philosophical and Literary Society,
Le Mans, Societe d' Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de la
Sarthe,
Liege, Soci6te Royal des Sciences, Lincoln, Nebraska State Historical Society, . Lincoln, University of Nebraska, .... Liverpool (Eng.) Literary and Philosophical Society,
London, Royal Society,
Lovett, William H., Beverly,
Lowell, Old Residents' Historical Association, Lund, Kongliga Universitetet, ....
Liineburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, McDaniel, Rev. B. F., San Diego, Cal., Newspaper
Mack, "William,
McKnight, David A.,
Madison, Wis. State Historical Society,
Madrid Observatorio,
Manchester, Eng., Literary and Philosophical Society
Manning, R. C,
Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der Gesammten
Naturwisseuschaften,
Massachusetts, Secretary of the Commonwealth of,
Meek, Henry M.,
Mercantile National Bank,
Meriden (Ct.) Scientific Association,
Merritt, Henry A.,
Michigan Agricultural College, ....
Middlebury, Vermont Historical Society, Middlesborough (Ky.) Town Compauy, .
12
1
1 23
16
1
32
10
21
1
2 2 3
11 3 2
2
1 124
1
2
2
10 2 1 2 1 1
89
3 53
1 3
1
6
18
2
1
128
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
er Wissen
Circulars
e Matema
Middletown, Ct., Wesleyan University Museum,
Milwaukee (Wis.) Public Museum,
Minneapolis, Minnesota Historical Society,
Minneapolis (Minn.) Public Library,
Montreal Natural History Society,
Morse, Edward S., . . Newspapers
Mott, P. T., Leicester, Eng., .
Miiuchen, Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie d schaften,
Miinster, Westfalische Provinzial Verein,
Nantucket Atheneum Library,
Napoli, R. Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche tiche,
Narbonne, Miss Mary A., ...
Nashville, Tennessee State Board of Health,
Nevins, W. S.,
Newark (N. J.) Free Public Library,
Newark, New Jersey Historical Society,
Newburyport Public Library,
New Haven, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
New Haven (Ct.) Colony Historical Society,
New Haven, Yale University, ....
Newport (R. I.) Natural History Society,
New York, N. Y., Academy of Sciences,
New York, N. Y., American Geographical Society,
New York, N. Y., American Museum of Natural History
New York, N. Y., Astor Library, ....
New York (N. Y.) Central and Hudson River Railroad Co.,
New York (N. Y.) Chamber of Commerce,
New York, N. Y., Columbia College, New York (N. Y.), Genealogical and Biographical So ciety, ........
New York (N. Y.) Historical Society,
New York, N. Y., Lenox Library, ....
New York, N. Y., Linnean Society, New York, N. Y., Mercantile Library Association, New York, N. Y., Metropolitan Museum of Art, . New York (N. Y.) Microscopical Society, Nichols, Andrew, jr., Danvers, Newspapers, Circulars, Nichols, William H., 3rd, . . . Newspapers, Oliver, Mrs. Grace A., Newspapers, Ottawa, Geological and Natural History Survey of Can- ada,
21
1 1
12 3
12
2
12
13
11
47
1
1
1
5
1
8
5
5
1
1
41
3
2
1
1
1
2
4
G8
15
68
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
129
Newspapers
Newspapers
Palermo, Reale Accademia dl Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti,
Palfray, Charles W., . . Newspapers, Circulars,
Paris, Societe d' Acclimatation,
Paris, Societe d' Anthropologie,
Paris, Societe des Etudes Historiques,
Parker, Mrs. H. M., Winchester,
Parker, William Thornton,
Peabody Institute, Peabody,
Peabody, John P., .
Pease, George W., Estate of,
Peet, Rev. S. D., Menclon, 111.,
Perkins, Charles A., Waketield,
Perkins, W. D , Sacramento, Cal.
Perley, M. V. B., Ipswich,
Perley, Sidney,
Perry, Amos, Providence, R. I.,
Perry, Rev. William S., Davenport, la., .
Philadelphia, Pa., Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, Pa., American Philosophical Society,
Philadelphia (Pa.) City Institute,
Philadelphia, Historical Society of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa., Library Company,
Philadelphia, Pa., Numismatic and Antiquarian Society
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts,
Philadelphia, Pa., Wagner Free Institute of Science,
Philbrick, Misses Eliza and Helen,
Philbrick, Mrs. John U., Danvers,
Phillips, Stephen H.,
Pillsbury, Parker, Concord, N. H., .
Plumer, Miss Mary N.,
Pool, Wellington, Wenham,
Poor, H. V. and H. W., New York, N. Y
Poore, Alfred,
Portland, Maine Historical Society,
Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society, .
Providence, R. I., Narragansett Historical Publishin Company,
Providence (R. I.) Public Library, ....
Providence, R. I., Redwood Library and Athenaeum,
Putnam, Eben, .......
Putnam, F. W., Cambridge, . . . Newspapers,
Putnam, George G., .......
Quimby, E. II., Maiden, .... Newspapers,
Newspapers Newspapers
6
17
1
2
28
1
1
5(12
23
4
1 8
1
6
1
1 1 1 1 3 4 1 8 3 1 5
25
19
1
079
5
2
1
4 2
4 2 1 9 2
10 13
130
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Ran tou], Robert S.,
Rayner, Robert, Newspapers,
Regensburg, K. Bayerische Botanische Gesellschaft, Regensburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein,
Reith, William,
Richardson, Frederick P.,
Richmond, Virginia Historical Society, .
Riga, Natnrforschender Verein, ....
Roberts, Mrs. J. K.,
Robinson, John, Newspapers
Rochester (N. Y.) Academy of Science,
Roma, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Emanuele
Ropes, Mrs. Charles A.,
Ropes, James H., Andover,
Rusk, J. M., Washington, D. C, Russell, Gurdon W., Hartford, Ct., Sacramento, California State Library,
Sadler, Mrs. Charles J.,
St. Gallen, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft,
St. Johns, New Brunswick Natural History Society,
St. Louis, Mo., Academy of Sciences,
St. Louis (Mo.) Mercantile Library Association, .
St. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden,
St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society, .
St. Petersbourg, Academie Imperiale des Sciences,
St. Petersbourg, Imperial Botanical Garden,
St. Petersbourg, Societe Entomologique de Russie,
Salem Board of Health,
Salem, City of,
Salem, Peabocly Academy of Science, Newspapers, Cir
culars,
Salem Press Publishing and Printing Company, News
papers,
Salem Public Library
San Diego (Cal.) Society of Natural History,
San Francisco (Cal.) Board of Supervisors, .
San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences,
San Francisco (Cal.) Free Public Library,
San Francisco (Cal.) Mercantile Library Association,
Santa Barbara (Cal.) Society of Natural History, .
Saunders, Miss Mary T.,. . . . Newspapers
Say ward, Charles A.,
Scobie, Miss M. J., Estate of, ....
Seaman, W. H., Washington, D. G,
4 20
34
22
2
1 1 3
97 202
2 302 4 3
1
2
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
131
'S Gravenhage, Nedeiiandsche Entomologische Vereen
iging
Sherwood, Geoi'ge F. Tudor, London, Eng., . Sherwood, Mrs. Kate B., Washington, D. C, Circular
Silsbee, Mrs. William,
Simonds, William H., jr.,
Skinner, John B.,
Smith, George Plumer, Philadelphia, Fa., Newspapers Smith, J. Stihnan, and Company, Boston, Smith, Miss Mary Bartlett, Wellesley Hills, . Somerville Overseers of the Poor, .... South Boston, Massachusetts School for the Feeble
Minded,
South Boston, Perkins Institution and Massachusetts
School for the Blind,
South Dakota, Department of Immigration and Statistics
Sprague, Henry H., Boston,
Springfield, City Library Association, Staples, Rev. Carlton A., Lexington,
Stickney, George A. D.,
Stimpson, T. M., Newspapers
Stockholm, Entomologische Foreningen,
Stone, Arthur R.,
Stone, Mrs. E. A., East Lexington, . Newspapers
Stone, Mrs. Lucy, Boston, . . . Newspapers
Stone, Robert, Newspapers
Suffolk, Supreme Judicial Court of County of,
Swan, Robert T., Boston,
Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales, Sydney, Royal Society of New South Wales, . Taunton, Old Colony Historical Society, Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural
History Society,
Tilton, John P., Newspapers
Tokio, Imperial University of Japan, Topeka, Kan., Academy of Sciences,
Toronto, Canadian Institute,
Toronto, Provincial Board of Health of Ontario, .
Torrey, D., Detroit, Mich.,
Town, Samuel, Peabody,
Trenton, N. J., Microscope Publishing Company, . Trenton, New Jersey State Library, Trow, Mrs. Susan M., Ipswich, .... Turner, J. Horsfall, Idel, Bradford, Eng.,
1 2
30
G 3
2
35 2 2 1 2
12
14 1
132
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
Turner, Ross,
U. S. Board on Geographic Names, ....
U. S. Bureau of Education,
U. S. Bureau of the Mint,
U. S. Chief of Engineers,
U. S. Chief Signal Officer,
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,
U. S. Commissioner of Navigation,
U. S. Commissioner of Pensions,
U. S. Comptroller of Currency,
U. S. Department of Interior,
U. S. Department of State,
U. S. Fish Commission,
U. S. Geological Survey,
U. S. Judge-Advocate-General,
U. S. National Museum,
U. S. Naval Observatory,
U. S. Patent Office,
U. S. Quartermaster General,
U. S. War Department,
Unknown Friend,
Upham, O. W. H.,
Upham, William P., Newtonville,
Upsala, Kongliga Vetenskaps-Societeten,
Utica, N. Y., Oneida Historical Society, .
Veazey, W. G., Washington, D. C, ....
Waring, George E., Newport, R. I.,
Washington, D. C, Anthropological Society, .
Washington, D. C, Smithsonian Institution,
Waterhouse, Sylvester, St. Louis, Mo., ....
Waters, Edward S., Minneapolis, Minn., Newspapers.
Waters, Henry F.,
Waters, J. Linton, Newspapers.
Waterville, Me., Colby University,
Watson, S. M., Portland, Me.,
Welch, William L., . . . Newspapers, Circulars,
West, Miss Mary E.,
West, William C,
Wheatland, Miss Elizabeth,
Whipple, George M., . . Newspapers, Circulars,
Whipple, Prescott, . . . Newspapers, Circulars, Whipple, Mrs. S. K., Newburyport, ....
Whitney, Mrs. H. M., Lawrence, Newspapers, Circulars, Wien, K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft, .
|
17 |
38 |
|
1 |
|
|
3 |
3 |
|
3 |
|
|
5 |
|
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
4 |
|
1 |
|
|
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
73 |
2 |
|
3 |
21 |
|
1 |
|
|
8 |
11 |
|
1 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
2 |
2 |
|
54 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
203 |
3 |
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
1 |
|
5 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
4 |
|
|
2 |
2 |
|
7 |
|
4 |
|
|
3 |
|
|
27 |
103 |
|
11 |
|
|
21 |
|
|
21 |
|
|
3G |
176 |
|
2 |
75 |
|
224 |
6231 |
|
126 |
|
|
4 |
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
133
Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung Naturwissenschaftlicher
Kenntnisse, 2
Wiesbaden, Nassauischer Vercin fur Naturkunde, . 1 Wilkes-Barrfi, Pa., Wyoming Historical and Geological
Society, 2
Willson, Rev. E. B., . . Newspapers, Circulars, 2 89
Willson, R. W., Cambridge 2
Wilmington, Delaware Historical Society, ... 2
Winnipeg, Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, 4
Winslow, Charles W., Haverhill, 1
Winsor, Justin, 37
Woods, Mrs. Kate T., . . . . Newspapers, 29
Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, ... 12
Worcester Free Public Library, 1
Worcester Natural History Society, .... 1 Worcester, Samuel, El Cajon, Cal., Newspaper Clipping.
Worcester, Society of Antiquity, 3
Wright, Frank V., Hamilton, Newspapers, Circulars, 100
Wright, W. H. K., Plymouth, Eng., .... 8
Wurzburg, Physikalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft, . 1 14
Yeaton, Harry B., Portsmouth, N. II., . . . 5
Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 9
The following have been received from editors or publishers :
American Journal of Science. American Naturalist. Beverly Citizen.
Browne's Phonographic Monthly. Cape Ann Advertiser. Chicago Journal of Commerce. I) an vers Mirror. Georgetown Advocate. Groton Landmark. Iowa Churchman. Ipswich Chronicle. Lawrence American. Le Naturaliste Canadien. Lyceum Herald. Lynn Bed. Musical Herald. Musical Record. Nation.
Naturalist's Leisure Hour and Monthly Bulletin.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII
Nature.
New Eugland^agaziue.
Old New York.
Open Court.
Our Dumb Animals.
Peabody Press.
Peabody Reporter.
Sailor's Magazine and Seamen's
Friend. Salem Call. Salem Gazette. Salem News. Salem Observer. Salem Register. Traveler's Record. Visitor. Voice.
West Newbury Messenger. Zoologischer Anzeiger.
9*
134
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
The donations to the cabinets during the year number six hundred and eighty-one from the following one hun- dred and thirty donors : —
Allen, Misses E. C. and M. C.
Allen, George H.
Ames, George L.
Andrews, Samuel P.
Archer, Augustus J.
Averille, A. A.
Baker, Charles.
Barstow, Benjamin.
Bemis, C. E.
Blaney, Dwight.
Bowditch, Anstiss Green.
Bowditch, Ebed S.
Briggs, Charles C.
Brooks , Henry M.
Brooks, Mrs. Henry M.
Brooks, I. H., Roxbury.
Brooks, Miss Margarette W.
Brown, Arthur H.
Brown, George W. H.
Browne, Augustus S.
Bunco, "William Geduey, Venice.
Casey, James C.
Chamberlain, James A.
Cheever, E. C, Estate of, Kewa-
nee, 111. Clarke, Mrs. John L., Chicago,
111. Cleveland, Miss Mary S. Cleveland, Mrs. W. S. Cole, Mrs. N. D., Estate of. Coolidge, Baldwin. Cousins, Frank. Crowell, E. P., Amherst. Curwen, George R. Curwen, James B. Eastman, Rev. C. L., Chelsea. Emerton, James. Endicott, W. C. jr. Farley, Miss Abbie.
Farrell, II. F. E.
Fenollosa, Mrs. Anna E.
Ferguson, Samuel A.
Foster, Calvin, Beverly.
Frothingham, H. K., Dorches. ter.
Gardner, Miss Elizabeth B.
Gardner, W. II.
Getchell, Mr.
Gould, Miss Elizabeth P., Wen- ham.
Gould, John H., Topsfield.
Itauson, Miss E. H.
Haskell, Mrs. Anna J., West Roxbury.
Higginson, Francis J., Newport, R. I.
Hill, William M.
Hitchings, A. Frank.
Hodges, Richard M., Boston.
Holtnan, George, Peabody.
Hotchkiss, Miss Susan V.
Hunt, T. F.
Hunt, Mrs. Thomas.
Hussey, William G.
Ireland, William A.
Ives, Henry P.
Johnson, Daniel II., New York.
Johnson, Mrs. Lucy P.
Johnson, Thomas II.
Kendall, Miss Edith, Brookline.
Kenuey, Mrs. Mary E.
Kezar, W. H.
Kimball, Miss Mary A.
Kimball, Mrs. Sarah A., Me- thuen.
Lamson, Frederick.
Langmaid, John P.
Lee, Francis H.
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.
135
Manning, James.
Merriam, Arthur M., Boston.
Mitchell, W. E., New York.
Morse, Edward S.
Mowry, Charles H.
Narbonne, Miss Mary A.
Nichols, John II.
Nichols, William H., 3rd.
Oliver, Mrs. Grace A.
Osgood, Alfred, Newburyport.
Palfray, Charles W.
Parker, VV. Thornton.
Parker, William T., jr., Spring- field.
Pawtucket, R. I., City Council.
Peabody Academy of Science.
Perkins, Benjamin M.
Perry, Gardner B., Buenos Ayres, S. A.
Phelps, Charles.
Philbrick, Misses Eliza aud Helen.
Phillips, Stephen H.
Quimby, Anstiss Pickmau.
Rantoul, Robert S.
Robbius, Jesse.
Robinson, John.
Rogers, Jacob C, Boston.
Ropes, Miss Abigail W.
Ropes, Willis H.
Russell, William.
Sadler, Mrs. Charles J.
Saunders, Mis^ Mary T.
Sawyer, L. W.
Scobie, Mary J., Estate of.
Scobie, Miss Mary Jane.
Skinner, John B.
Stickney, Walter J.
Stone, Mrs. Ellen A., East Lex- ington.
Sweetzer, Miss A. R.
Taylor, George P.
Tiltou, John P.
Todd, W. C, Atkinson, N. H.
Trow, Mrs. Susan M., Ipswich.
Trumbull, Walter H.
Turner, Ross.
Ward, W. R. L., New York.
Warren, W. E., Worcester.
Waters, Henry F.
Welch, C. O.
Welch, Miss Catherine J.
Welch, William L.
Wheatland, Miss Elizabeth.
Whipple, George M.
Whipple, H. G.
Whipple, Prescott.
Williams, Misses A. O. and M. E.
Wiusor, Mrs. Annie B., Cam- bridge.
Woodbury, John P., Boston.
Wright, Frank V., Hamilton.
AN UNDESCRIBED LARVA FROM MAMMOTH CAVE.
BY H. GARMAN.
A strange worm-like animal taken recently by the writer in Mammoth Cave, presents some peculiarities of struct- ure, which render it worthy of notice.
It is a very slender, legless, cylindrical, transparent creature, the largest specimen at hand measuring about one-half inch in length. It is apparently a dipterous larva related to Sciara, but I can find no reference to anything like it in the literature of our cave animals.
The head is enclosed in a chitinous crust, and is brown, smooth and shining. It is followed by four short seg- ments, then the diameter of the body increases somewhat, and the skin becomes finely wrinkled but shows no evident segmentation. Occasionally I have seen what appeared to indicate division of the posterior part of the body into long segments, but further examination has always failed to satisfy me on this point. No stigmata are present. The integument is very thin, and is so completely transparent that the larger internal organs can be seen through it. On ordinary inspection the skin appears to be without color, but under the microscope a faint reticulation appears, due to minute particles of pigment. At the posterior end of the body is a pair of short, fleshy appendages, one on each side of the vent.
The crust of the head is divided by sutures into three
(136)
AN UNDESCRIBED LARVA FROM MAMMOTH CAVE. 137
largo plates, us in other larvae. The frontal plate is here very large relatively, and extends almost as far posteriorly as the parietal plates, which latter do not meet, as ordina- rily, behind it. In this regard the cave larva is very dif- ferent from the larva of Chironomus, but agrees very closely with larval Sciara. A slender projecting labrnin forms a sort of proboscis, and gives the head a strange look to one accustomed to ordinary larvae ; but a close examination of this part shows it to be very much like the larger and wider labrums of Sciara larvae. Beneath, the labrum is furnished with two parallel longitudinal series of hooks, probably of service in rasping away the vegetable matter used for food ; it is supported at its base by a dark brown chitinous framework. The mouth is provided with a pair of strong mandibles, followed by a sort of labium, prob- ably representing two pairs of maxillae combined. Ex- cepting the shape of the labrum, nothing about the head as thus far described would necessarily separate the Mam- moth Cave larva from larvae of Sciara which are common among decaying vegetable matter in ordinary situations.
The most singular feature of the head is a pair of large oval ocelli which, in alcoholic examples, resemble line opals. From their prominence and size they are strongly suggestive of the staring eyes of certain deep-sea fishes, though of course their structure is very different from that of the eye of a fish. The cornea is so transparent that the tissues show clearly through it. It is not perfectly continuous with the parietal plate, and the line of separa- tion produces some appearance of an eye in a socket. Beneath each of these enormous simple eyes is a small black speck which appears to represent the eye-spots pres- ent in Sciara and Chironomus larvae.
The four segments which follow the head are tolerably well marked, and each has a longitudinal fold on each side.
138 AN UNDESCRIBED LARVA
They are not transversely wrinkled, as is the remaining part of the body.
NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A small frontal ganglion is present. The cerebral mass lies outside the developed epieraninm, in the segment next following. It consists of two almost completely separate, fusiform ganglia. In twenty-two transections of a mass, only one, the tenth, showed the ganglia fused across the middle line.
The subcesophageal ganglia are much smaller, and lie opposite the anterior half of the brain. In the same set of twenty-two sections the subcesophageal mass appeared in eleven sections, beginning in the second, and ending in the twelfth.
Immediately following the subcesophageal mass are four closely approximated masses, and at a short distance pos- terior to the last of these is still another, thus making with the subcesophageal, six masses, all within the anterior fourth of the body. The remaining five masses of the ventral chain are widely separated in the posterior three- fourths of the body, the last being nearly opposite the point at which the Malpighian tubules enter the intestine.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
The oesophagus is very long and slender. In the young- est example seen it is nearly half the length of the body ; apparently it shortens somewhat with age, but in all cases is very much longer than in the other larvae compared. It opens into a capacious ventriculus which appears to be folded on itself, and this opens in turn into a short intes- tine.
Malpighian tubules of a dark brown color are present, and extend forward upon the ventriculus. Four tubules appear to enter the intestine separately.
FROM MAMMOTH CAVE. 139
A very large, pule green, tabulated gland which over- lies the ventriculus is very conspicuous. It appears to be the salivary gland. From its anterior extremities, oppo- site the beginning of the ventriculus, two largo contorted ducts extend forward with the oesophagus. They continue separate until within the epicranium, and seem finally to unite at a median opening in the floor of the mouth. The glands probably secrete a slime, which was noticed in the wake of living individuals. Similar glands occur in Sciara and Chironomus larvae, but are of a brown color, and the ducts are short. Larva? of these genera have in addition to the glands a pair of salivary vesicles which overlie the brain, and send their ducts forward towards the mouth. No such vesicles are present in the Mammoth Cave larva?.
RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS.
I have been unable to tind any trace of spiracles or tracheae in either Sciara or the Cave larvae, and conclude that respiration is effected at the general surface. If present the dorsal vessel must be of extreme delicacy. I have seen nothing of it.
SUMMARY.
The features of structure to which especial attention is directed are the following, numbers 1-4 of which the cave larva? possess in common with larval Sciara :
1. The imperfect epicranium, the head being probably represented in part by the segment which follows. 2. The location of the brain. 3. The absence of stigmata and trachea?. 4. The great development of the salivary glands. 5. The proboscis-like labrum. 6. The large ocelli with small eye-spots beneath them. 7. The absence of salivary vesicles. 8. The great length of the cesoph- agus and salivary ducts. 9. The green color of the sali- vary gland. 10. The segmentation and folding of the
140 AN UNDESCRIBED LARVA FROM MAMMOTH CAVE.
integument behind the head. 11. The absence of evident segmentation on the greater part of the body.
EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.
PLATE I.
A. Head and anterior part of body of larva.
B. Oblique view of dorsal side of head, showing plates and sutures.
C. Posterior end of body, showing anal appendages.
PLATE II.
D. Larva greatly enlarged, with internal organs represented as seen through the transparent body wall.
E. Ventral side of head, with parts outlined, a, labrum; b, "la- bium."
PLATE III.
F. Transection through anterior part of ocelli, and through man- dibles, a, mandible; b, mouth; c, frontal ganglion; d, ocellus.
G. Section through middle of an ocellus.
H. Transection through segment next the head, a, cerebral gan- glia; b, posterior end of subcesophageal ganglia; c, cesophagus; d, salivary ducts ; /, lateral fold of body-wall.
BULLETIN
OF THE
ESSEX INSTITUTE
Vol.23. Salem : July-Dec, 1891. Nos. 7-12.
ON A TORTOISE FOUND IN FLORIDA AND CUBA, Cinostemum Baurii.
BY S. GARMAN.
In the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., there is a series of ten or twelve specimens of a species of Cinosternnm that is not properly designated by any of the names heretofore in use. The lot was collected on the island Key West. Whether the type has a wider distribution in Florida will have to be determined later. On examining these specimens for iden- tification, and on comparison with the allied species, C. pennsylvanicum and others, they are found to belong with a specimen from Cuba described by me in 1887 (Proceed- ings of the American Philosophical Society, page 286) as a possible representative of a new species, to which only the generic name was attached. The series at hand shows the characters then assigned to be valid for the purpose of distinction and in great measure dissipates the uncertainty concerning the extent of individual peculiarities. The
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XXIII. 10 (141)
142 ON A TORTOISE FOUND IN FLORIDA
specifications from the Cuban example are here reproduced, to be supplemented by additional particulars furnished by the others taken on the opposite side of the gulf stream.
"A small turtle, sent by Prof. Felipe Poey, of Havana, possesses characters that separate it from both of the species C. pennsylvanicum and C. leucosloniu?n, which it ap- proaches most nearly. It is elongate ; the snout is nar- rower and more pointed than that of the first mentioned species. The greatest length of the carapace is exactly four, its greatest width two and three-fourths, behind the middle, the greatest length of the plastron three and nine- tenths, and the width of the plastron across the pectoral shields is one and nine-tenths inches. Anteriorly the plastron is rounded ; posteriorly it is truncate, with a shal- low notch between the anal shields. The pair of pectoral shields, like the pair of preanals, meet on the median line in a